Chapter 24: Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory Tract Flashcards
Strep throat is caused by
group A Streptococcus pyogenes
streptokinases
lyse clots
streptolysins
are cytotoxic
symptoms of strep throat
- local inflammation
- fever?
- tonsillitis
- enlarged lymph nodes
how is strep throat diagnosed
- uses blood agar
- throat swab with exudate
Scarlet fever is caused by
s. pyogenes
symptoms of scarlet fever
- fever
- skin rash (pinkish red)
- cheeks
- inflammation / redness of the tongue
scarlet fever exotoxin
eryhtrogenic
scarlet fever is caused by
B hemolytic steptococci or s. pyogenes
scarlet fever is also known as
the sequel to step throat
what is otitis media
- infection of the middle ear
what is the entry of otitis media
- nasopharyngeal or contaminated water
what are the symptoms of otitis media
- pus
- vomiting
what are the causes of otitis media
- S. pneumoniae (most common)
- Hemophilus influenza
- Moraella sp.
- s. pyogenes
- virus
what is the treatment for otitis media
semi-synthetic penicillins (amoxicillin)
Diptheria is caused by
Corynebacterium diptheriae
Diptheria exotoxin
Clasic A+B
- shuts down synthesis –> causes symptoms –> formation of a pseudomembrane
what are the symptoms in phase 1 diphtheria
- mild fever
- sore throat
- fatigue
- dramatic swelling of the neck
what are the symptoms phase 2 diphtheria
- oozing of fluid
- thickens
- forms a pseudomembrane (can be surgically removed) –> grayish membrane in the throat
what are the symptoms in stage 3 diphtheria
- pseudomembrane occludes membrane
- suffocation
-death
where is the cutaneous form of diphteria found in
the homeless population
cutaneuos form of diphtheria
- septicemia
- forms skin ulcers
what is the treatment for diptheria
DTap vaccine
Pertussis is also known as
whooping cough
how do you treat whooping cough
DTap vaccine
- acellular = boosters required
what is pertussis caused by
Bordetella pertussis
Bordetella pertussis
- capsule
- tracheal exotoxin (produces mucus)
what are stage 1 / Catarrhal pertussis symptoms
- fever
- conjectivitis
- looks like the common cold
what are stage 2/ paroxysmal pertussis symptoms
- coughing (broken ribs, bloodshot eyes, small hemoorages in the brain)
- sezuires / epilepsy
what are the stage 3/ convalescence pertussis symptoms
- can last weeks / months
what are the causes pneumonia
streptococcus pneumonia
what does pneumonia effect
the susptiable population
- COPD patients
- diabetes
- kidney disease
- smoking
Symtoms of Pneumonia
- high fever (39-40)
- breathing difficulty
- chest pain
- rust colored sputum
Atypical pneumonia cause
virus, fungi, protozoa
symptoms of atypical pneumonia
- slower onset
- less fever
- less chest pain
bacterial causes of atypical pneumoniae
- mycoplsmazma pneumonia
- hemphilis influenza
- legionella pneumophillia
- coxilla burnetti
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- no cell wall
- “fried egg colonies”
legionella pneumophilia
legionnaries Disease
- grows in water
- transmitted by inhaling aerosols; not transmitted person to person
- Treatment: azithromycin and macrolides
- Symptoms: high fever and cough
Coxiella burnetii
- obligate parasite, only gram negative organism that produces endospores
- Acute / chronic fever
- transmitted from animals
- treatment: doxyxxline/tetracycline
Viral causes of atypical pneumonia
- respiratory syncytial virus (Houdini virus)
- influenza (flu)
respitory syncytial virus
- causes fusion of lung cells
- common in infants + elderly
- Symptoms: sever wheezing, sever bronchiolitis
Influenza
- Symptoms: chills, fever, headache, and muscle aches (no intestinal symptoms)
- swine serve as “mixing vessels” –> H1N1
- antigenic drift and shift (no long term immunity)
antigenic drift
- minor changes in genome spike 9one base change)
- can still have the same name
- annual varriations
Antigenic shift
- major change
- pandemic
influenza is treated with
zanamivir (relenza) and oseltamivir (tamiflu)
- inhibits neuraminidase
TB is caused by
mycobacterium
how can you diagnosi TB
mantoux test: ingests protein into the arm
- inflammation tells stage
- creates baseline for exposure to TB
TB in a healthy individual
inate immunity –> macrophages –> bacteria arrested
TB in a person with partial failure of immunity
gathering of macrophages –> forms tubercle –> calcium attatched –> forms GHON complexes
TB in a person with total failure of immunity
Milary form / reactive form / constipation
- significant weight loss
- loss of vigour
- cough –> blood
treatment of TB hard
-cell wall houses mycolic acid
treatment of TB
- First line drugs
- Second line drugs
- multi-drug resistant
- extensively drug resistance
- vaccine: Bacilli Calmette Guerin
First line drugs
- isoniazid
- rafampin
- ethambutol
- pyrazinamide
Second line drugs
- aminoglycoside
- fluoroquinolones
- streptomycin
Multi drug resistants (MDR)
resistant to first line drugs
Extensively drug resitant (XDR)
resistant to second line drugs
Acute Q fever
- high fever
- muscle aches
- headaches
- coughing
chronic Q fever
endocarditis (may occur after years of infection)
