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HLST124: Microbiology > Chapter 15: Mechanisms of Pathogencitiy > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Mechanisms of Pathogencitiy Flashcards

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1
Q

What are 3 examples of portal of entry

A
  • mucous membrane
  • skin
  • parental route
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2
Q

Examples of the parental route

A
  • infection sites
  • wounds
  • insect bites
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3
Q

what kind of organism can enter through the skin

A

staphylococcus

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4
Q

where are mucous membranes in the human body

A
  • respiratory tract (TB)
  • GI tract
  • GU tract (STD)
  • conjunctiva (measles)
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5
Q

what is the easiest poratl of entry

A

respitory tact

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6
Q

exoenzymes produce

A

toxins

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7
Q

toxin definition

A

substances that contribute to pathogenicity

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8
Q

Toxigenicity definition

A

ability to produce a toxin

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9
Q

Toxemia definition

A

presence of toxin in the hosts blood

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10
Q

toxoid defintion

A

inactivated taxin used in a vaccine

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11
Q

antitoxin defintion

A

antibodies against a specific toxin

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12
Q

characteristics od exoenzymes

A
  • coagulase
  • kinase
  • hyaluronidase
  • collagenase
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13
Q

coagulase

A

coagulates blood
fibrogen –> fibrin

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14
Q

example of organisms who use coagulase

A

s. aureus

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15
Q

kinase purpose

A

dissolves clots

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16
Q

examples of organism who use kinase

A

s. pyogenes

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17
Q

collagenase purpose

A

breaks down collagen

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18
Q

examples of organsims who use collagenase

A

c. perfriges (GANGREEN)

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19
Q

what does hyaluronidase do

A

blackens skin

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20
Q

examples of organsims who use hyaluronidase

A
  • closterdium perfringes (gangreen)
  • s. pyogenes
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21
Q

what are the two types of toxins

A
  • exotoxin
  • endotoxin
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22
Q

exotoxin is produced by

A

mostly gram positive bacteria
- produced as a part of growth

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23
Q

endotoxin is produced by

A

gram negative bacteria
- lipid A

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24
Q

exotoxins produce ______ sings / symptoms

A

specific

25
Q

endotoxins produce ______ signs / symptoms

A

general

26
Q

exotoxins are ______ in nature

A

protein

27
Q

exotoxins are neutralized by

A

Ig antibodies (antitoxins)

28
Q

example of a toxiod

A

DTap vaccine

29
Q

what are general symptoms

A
  • fever
  • GI tract: nausea, vomiting, diaheaa / dysentery
  • shock
30
Q

are antibodies produced in responce to endotoxins

A

no

31
Q

shock pathway

A

phagocytosis –> triggers Tumor Necrosis Factor or Cachetin –> released to the blood –> vital organs –> impense drops in blood pressure –> organs shut down

32
Q

fever pathway

A

phagocytosis –> destroy and digest –> lysosomes release enzymes –> release IPS –> release cytokines –> interlukin (IL-1), called: endogenous pyrogens –> circulates –> reaches hypothalamus –> prostaglandin released –> resets temp –> fever

  • chills ( increased IL-1, shivers)
    OR
  • Crisis (decreased IL-1, sweating)
33
Q

what are the three classes of exotoxins

A
  • classic AB
  • membrane disrupting
  • Superantigens
34
Q

what are the four examples of classic A+B

A
  • C. diphteriae
  • Botulinum toxin
  • tetanopasmin
  • vibriotoxin
35
Q

C. dipteriae

A

B =binds
A = shuts down protein synthesis –> causes symptoms –> forms psedomembrane

36
Q

Botulium toxin

A

B = binds
A = blocks neuromuscular junction –> no acetylcholine released –> result: flaccid acid

37
Q

Tetroplasmin

A

B = binds
A = blocks GABA at the neuromuscular junction –> spasms 1. lockjaw 2. opithotenas 3. cardiovascular / respitory

38
Q

GABA is responsiable for

A

relaxation

39
Q

membrane disrupting

A
  • tries to break phospholipid bilayer
  • cellular components leak out
    OR
  • make protein channels
40
Q

process of membrane disrupting

A
  1. hemolysin
  2. leukocidin
  3. erythrogenic
    –> scarlet fever –> red skin rash (breakage of blood vessels)
41
Q

Superantigens

A
  • prokokes immune responce
  • releases cytokines
42
Q

release of cytokines

A

interlukins –> circulate –> warning in vital sings –> affecs GI tract –> symtoms: nausea, vomitting, diarrhea

43
Q

example of superantigens

A

s. aureus
- TSS
- Food posioning

44
Q

vibrotoxin

A

B=binds
A = Gi tract cells –>convert to pumps –>triggers cAMP second system –>rice water stool

45
Q

adherence

A
  • establishes infection
  • forms route for invasion
46
Q

how does a caspule influence pathogenicity

A
  • evades phagocytosis
47
Q

example of adherence

A

s. mutans

48
Q

s. mutans

A

uses capsule + enzyme glucosyltransferase digests sugar (sucrose) – > converts to:
1. glucose –> enzyme –> glucon –> plaque
2. fractose –> enzyme –> forms acid –> degenerates tooth structure

49
Q

flucon

A

gummy thin polysaccaride

50
Q

roles of the host

A
  • provides receptors (plasma membrane) –> sugars –> mannose, fructose
51
Q

roles of the pathogen

A
  • has adhesions –> glycoproteins or lipoproteins –> on capsule, flagella, fibrae, M protein, mycolic acid, opa proteins
52
Q

opa proteins are found on

A

neisseria gonnorhea

53
Q

example of M proteins

A

s. pyogenes

54
Q

M proteins

A
  • heat and acid resistant
  • used for attatchement
  • evades phagocytosis
55
Q

example of glycocalyx

A

caspule
streptococcus mutans

56
Q

example of fimbrae

A

escherichia coli

57
Q

pathogenicity

A

the ability to cause disease

58
Q

virulence

A

the extent of pathogencicty

HLST124: Microbiology (18 decks)

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