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HLST124: Microbiology > Chapter 20: Antimicrobial Agents > Flashcards

Chapter 20: Antimicrobial Agents Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the cell wall made up of

A

peptidoglycan (meurin)

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2
Q

what is the peptide portion of the cell wall made up of

A
  • polypeptide
  • tetra peptide (4 amino acid chains attached to NAH)
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3
Q

tetrapeptide

A

4 amino acid chain attatched to NAH

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4
Q

what makes up the backbone of the cell wall

A

glucose
- alternating NAM and NAG molecules

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5
Q

What are the antimicrobial agents that attack the bacteria cells wall

A
  • Penicillin
  • Cephaloporins
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6
Q

spectrum

A

how much bacteria you can attack

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7
Q

what are the two types of penicillin

A
  • natural
  • semisynthethic
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8
Q

How is Pen G natural penicilin administed

A

injection

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9
Q

Pen v penecillinis administered

A

orally

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10
Q

how does penicillin destroy bacteria

A

attacked the PG peptide in the cell wall, causing osmomtic lysis

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11
Q

adverse effects of penicillin

A
  • development of allergies
  • resistance
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12
Q

what is the nucleus in penicillin called

A

the B lactam ring

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13
Q

organsims that produces enzyme B lactamases

A

S aures

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14
Q

Cephalopsprins destroys bacteria by

A

attacking PG peptide in the cell wall causing osmotic lysis

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15
Q

Cephaloporins is used to treat

A

menigitis

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16
Q

what are the semi forms of cephalosporins

A

gen 1 –> gen 5

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17
Q

Cephalosporins disadvantages

A
  • resistant to enzymes
  • more expensive
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18
Q

Semisynthetic penicillin is used to treat

A
  • methicillin (MRSA)
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19
Q

what are four examples of antimicrobial agents that attack protein synthesis

A
  • Chloromphenicol
  • Erythromycin
  • Streptomycin
  • Tetracycline
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20
Q

Chloramphemicol

A
  • attacks protein synthesis of bacteria
    -least expensive
  • penetrates tissues wall (BBB)
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21
Q

Chloraphenicol is the old treatment for

A

menigitis

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22
Q

Chloramphenicol can be made

A
  • natural
  • lab prep
23
Q

Adverse effects of Chloramphenicol

A
  • Aplamsic Anemia (supresses immune system)
  • Causes “grey baby syndrome”
  • attatched to the 50s unit of ribosomes (inhibits peptide bonds)
24
Q

Erythromycin attaches to

A

the 50s subunit of ribosomes
- stops translations (inhibits movement of RNA; unable to read codon)

25
Q

what is the alternate drug used for people with penicillin allergies

A

Erythromycin

26
Q

what form does erythromyecin take

A

syrup form (easy to administer)

27
Q

Erythromyicin is used to treat

A

Gram positive bacteria

28
Q

Adverse effects of erythromyecin

A
  • mild Gi sysmptoms (2-3%)
  • broad spectrum
29
Q

Streptomycin was discovered in

A

1944

30
Q

Streptomycin was used to treat

A

TB

31
Q

adverse effects of streptomycin

A

-resistance
- can cause deafness
- causes kidney failure

32
Q

How does streptomycin destroy bacteria

A

Protein synthesis
- attaches to the 30s subunit (change shape of mRNA; mRNA is misread (abberent protein))

33
Q

forms of tetracycline

A
  • natural
  • modified (deoxycycline (semi form))
34
Q

tetracycline

A
  • natural or modified
  • broadest spectrum of activity
  • Treats: STD
35
Q

tetracycline applications

A
  • given to animals in feed –> comes into the food chain –> resistance in human population
  • trests: STD’s
36
Q

Tetracycline Adverse Effects

A
  • destroys the normal flora of the GI tract (causes sever diarrhea and superinfections from fungal agents)
  • Dangerous in pregnancy
    - mother: liver / kidney failure
    - fetus: damage to bone structure of the skull (permanent)
  • damage to enamal (binds to ca)
  • blocks docking site (attatches to 30s subunit)
37
Q

Sulfa drugs

A
  • inhibit follic acid synthesis (no DNA or RNA –> cell dies)
  • competitive inhibitors
38
Q

Adverse effects of Sulfa drugs

A
  • used in the thrid trimester of pregnancy can cause server neurological damage
  • causes juandice
  • anemia
  • allergies
39
Q

Sulfa drugs and Trimethopin can be combined to treat

A

cytitis (UTI)

40
Q

Trimethopin

A
  • inhibit follic acid synthesis (no DNA or RNA –> cell dies)
41
Q

trimethopin adverse effects

A
  • juandice
  • allergies
42
Q

What antimicrobial agent attack the plasma membrane

A

Polmyxin B

43
Q

What is polymyxin used to treat

A

Pseudomonanas

44
Q

how does Polymyxin attack bacteria

A

cellular content leak out

45
Q

Adverse effects / limitation of Polymyxin

A
  • has to be applied topically (to the skin)
  • used systemically ( toxin to the kidneys)
46
Q

how do antiviral drugs destroy viruses

A

minic nucleotides
- form false neucleotides

47
Q

what are false nucleotides made up of

A

nucleoside analog + P

48
Q

what are the 5 antiviral drugs

A
  • acycliovir
  • lamivudine
  • Ganciclour
  • azzidothymine
  • riboviron
49
Q

Acyclovir

A
  • glutamate
  • treats hepres 2
  • shuts down DNA synthesis
50
Q

Lamivudine

A

Thymine
- treats Hep B, HIV

51
Q

Ganciclour

A

Glutamate
- herepes 5 / CMV retinal (HIV)

52
Q

Azzidothymine

A
  • thymine
  • HIV
53
Q

Ribovirin

A
  • Glutamate
  • Influenza

HLST124: Microbiology (18 decks)

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