Chapter 13: Virus Flashcards
virus contain
- DNA or RNA
- a protein coat
mixing vessels for viruses
bird, pigs, bats (parasites)
Viron
fully developed virus
viron has own
genome
- DNA or RNA
capsid
- is a protein
- used for identification, transmission, and attatchment
capsolmeres
subunit of capsid
capsolmeres function
gives unique shapes
Envolope
- phospholipid, protein, carbohydrate
- provides protection
- identification (2 types)
2 types of spikes
-hemeglutination HA –> triangle
- neuraminidase
hemeglutination purpose
- can be used for identification
- triangular spike
- kills blood cells and penetrates the cells
example of hemeglutination
influenza
neuraminidase
- seperates viron after infection
- seperates cell from infected cell
- bulb spike
spikes are made up of
protein and carbohydrate
vaccine targets
spikes
HIV only replicates in
humans
HIV destroys
human immune system
HIV-1 is prevalent
in the US
HIV-2 is prevalent in
West Africa
HIV stands for
Human Immunodeficency Virus
HIV viron has
- RNA geneome
- capsule
- envolope
- spikes
- enzyme
** retrovirus
what spikes are prevalent in HIV
GP41; GP120
what enzyme is present in HIV
reverse transcriptase
reverse trascriptase effect
converts RNA to DNA
HIV receptors
- CD4 (on helper T cells)
HIV enters the cell through
receptor mediated endocytosis
CD4 receptors are found on
helper T cells
what are the three stages of HIV
- stage 1
- stage 2
- stage 3
Stage A
- lymphodenopathy (swollen lymph nodes)
- TH min 500
stage B
TH: 499-200
stage C
TH: <200
what are normal TH levels
1500-2000
provirus
viral DNA in nucleus (hide and emerge)
provirus abilities
- can generate new baby vrions
- can become latent (hiding)
- can convert into cancer cells
cancer cells produced by HIV example
Karposi sacrooma
HIV treatment
- most common NRTI’s (neucleotide retroviral inhibitors)
how is HIV spread
- blood
- semen
- saliva
how many units of HIV are in blood
1000-10 000
how many units of HIV are in semen
10 - 1000
how many units of HIV are in saliva
1
what are the two types of retroviral inhibitors
- Zidovudine (AZT)
- Lamivudine (3TC)
what kind of vaccine would need to be developed for HIV
- mRNA vaccine
why has a vaccine not been developed for HIV
- mutations
- diffferent strains present in the same person
what are the cytopathic effects of HIV
- lytic
- persistant
- latent
- cancer
lytic
acute infections
lytic examples
- cold
- rhino virus
- influenza
persistant example
- measles (can cause brain degerneration (SSPE))
latnet
hiding and emerging
latent examples
cold sores (HERPES-1), shingles (HERPES-3), mononucleosis (HERPES-4)
Cancer examples
Ed virus (HERPES-4)
- causes burkitts lymphoma (attacks B lymphocytes_ and nasopharengels cancer
AIDS
- not a disease but a syndrome
- latent stage of provirus
when treating HIV we should use
a cocktail of drugs to avoid immunity
