Chapter 4

Question 1

Our _____ largely determine our understanding and our actions

Answer 1

Perceptions

Question 2

Identities are influenced by and also influence _____

Answer 2

perception

Question 3

Perception and what are powerfully entwined?

Answer 3

Identity

Question 4

Perception is the process of what 3 things/steps?

Answer 4

1. Selection
2. Organization
3. Interpretation

Question 5

We collect and understand information through what?

Answer 5

Our senses

Question 6

The process of choosing which sensory information to focus on

Answer 6

Selection

Question 7

The process by which one recognizes what sensory input represents

Answer 7

Organization

Question 8

The act of assigning meaning to sensory information

Answer 8

Interpretation

Question 9

• Conscious or unconscious stimuli

- Allows us to narrowly focus on stimuli

Answer 9

Selection

Question 10

We select identity based on what 3 things?

Answer 10

1. Aspects of our identity
2. Features of another person or object
3. Our own goals

Question 11

This occurs when we recognize and order stimuli that we have attended to. Allows us to make sense of everything and respond accordingly

Answer 11

Organization

Question 12

The ability to form mental maps of the world

Answer 12

Cognitive representation

Question 13

These consist of general outlines and are not fixed

Answer 13

Cognitive maps

Question 14

Communication behavior is influenced by this; a representative or idealized version of a person or concept (Ex: ideal vision of a friend, a professor)

Answer 14

Prototype

Question 15

These keep us from making too many social mistakes. A relatively fixed sequence of events that function as a guide or template for communication or behavior

Answer 15

Script

Question 16

A process of grouping objects or categories of information together with linguistic symbols

Answer 16

Categorization

Question 17

A name assigned to a category based on one’s perception of the category. One type of categorization which can lead us to view people in one dimension.

Answer 17

Labeling

Question 18

A type of labeling where people overgeneralize attributes of members of a group

Answer 18

Stereotyping

Question 19

Assigning meaning to stimuli

Answer 19

Interpretation

Question 20

A structure that shapes how people interpret their perceptions. Develops from life experience, interactions with others, and personality

Answer 20

Frame

Question 21

One way that we interpret behavior is by attributing causes of behavior, explained by

Answer 21

attribution theory

Question 22

Explanation of the processes we use to judge our own and others behavior

Answer 22

Attribution theory

Question 23

We attribute behavior as either being ____ caused (based on someone’s personality or choices) or _____ caused (based on the environment or situation)

Answer 23

Internally ; externally

Question 24

This attribution bias is when you are more likely to attribute your own positive behavior to internal states and your negative behavior to external causes

Answer 24

Self-serving bias

Question 25

The tendency to attribute one's own negative behavior to external causes and one's positive actions to internal state

Answer 25

Attributional bias

Question 26

The tendency to attribute others' negative behavior to internal causes and their positive behaviors to external causes

Answer 26

Fundamental attribution error

Question 27

This is an example of? | - Drive who cuts you off is a jerk

Answer 27

Fundamental attribution error

Question 28

You are likely to attribute an internal cause to unexpected behavior, such as laughter during a sad movie

Answer 28

Attribution theory

Question 29

Many factors influence how we interpret and respond to sensory information: 1. 2. 3.

Answer 29

1. Physical differences 2. Personality and individual characteristics 3. Cognitive complexity

Question 30

Influences how you interpret and respond to sensory input

Answer 30

emotional state

Question 31

Tendency to view and interpret the world in consistent ways

Answer 31

Outlook

Question 32

Perception, communication and decision making are influenced about what you know about an event or topic

Answer 32

Knowledge

Question 33

Refers to the degree of how detailed, involved, or numerous a person's constructs are

Answer 33

Cognitive complexity

Question 34

Categories people develop to help them organize information

Answer 34

Constructs

Question 35

The activity that we did involving writing down things we know about a loved one involved?

Answer 35

Cognitive complexity of interpersonal constructs

Question 36

This influences how others perceive you and, how you perceive others and the world. It also affects how you see people of different social standing and racial bias

Answer 36

Power

Question 37

Every culture emphasis a few of the 5 senses (called?)

Answer 37

The sensory model

Question 38

_____ backgrounds influence what people talk about and how they communicate

Answer 38

cultural

Question 39

This leads to expectations about how others should or should not behave

Answer 39

Social comparison

Question 40

The tendency to view one's own group as the standard against which all other groups are judged

Answer 40

Ethnocentrism

Question 41

- Defines what we expect from a group - Leads to prejudice - When you categorize people and then make assumptions about them based on broad generalizations you have about people in that category you are engaged in

Answer 41

Stereotyping

Question 42

Stereotypes and ethnocentrism often lead to the experience of negative feelings toward a group or individual in that group because she or he belongs to that group

Answer 42

Prejudice

Question 43

The role prejudice plays in protection individuals' sense of worth

Answer 43

Ego-defensive function

Question 44

The role played by prejudice in allowing people to view their own values, norms, and cultural practices as appropriate and correct

Answer 44

Value-expressive function

Question 45

The historical time period you live in influences your perception and communication

Answer 45

Yeah basically

Question 46

The process by which historical events influence the perceptions of people who grew up in a given generation and time period

Answer 46

Cohort effect

Question 47

The specific positions you hold in a society

Answer 47

Social role

Question 48

The ways you communicate to and about people are connected to your perceptions of them. _____ ______ of other people may lead you to avoid communicating with certain people, or communicating in an offensive or inappropriate way with them.

Answer 48

unethical communication

Question 49

3 ways that perceptual process can be improved

Answer 49

1. engage in mindfulness 2. separate facts from inferences 3. rely on perception checking

Question 50

One communication act that can improve your perception skills

Answer 50

Checking with others to see if their perceptions of others are similar to yours