Chapter 3

Question 1

What are the 5 ways that communication is interconnected with identity?

Answer 1

1. Our identity influences the communication we will use in an interaction
2. Interactions help shape the identities of the participants.
3. Identity is prominent in expectations and behaviors during intercultural communication.
4. In the US, we communicate in a very identity-based climate
5. Individual and societal forces converge within the concepts of identity and meaning-creation in communication

Question 2

Individual and social categories people identity with as well as those categories that are attributed to them by others

Answer 2

Identity

Question 3

Two kinds of identities:

Answer 3

1. Primary identities

2. Secondary identities

Question 4

Consistent and enduring identifications in our lives

Answer 4

Primary identities

Question 5

Stem from roles or characteristics that are more likely to change over the course of our lives

Answer 5

Secondary identities

Question 6

Identities can exist at the ____ level or the ____ level

Answer 6

Individual level or societal level

Question 7

At this level of identity, people are focused on their differences from other individuals

Answer 7

Individual level

Question 8

At this level of identity, people are focused on the differences of groups they belong to from other groups they do not belong to

Answer 8

Societal level

Question 9

Identity is both ___ and ____, which means?

Answer 9

Fixed and dynamic
- Although a classification may apply throughout someone’s life, the meaning and nuance of that classification may change over time

Question 10

Identities are shaped through what?

Answer 10

Interactions with others

Question 11

Identities are tied to what kind of environments?

Answer 11

Historical, social, and cultural

Question 12

Identity develops through ? , a process than can be explain in several ways

1. Identity development through communication
2. Performance of individual identity

Answer 12

communication with others

Question 13

This states that meaning is found only through social interaction with others

Answer 13

Symbolic interactionism

Question 14

A term used to explain how people’s sense of self stems from their observations of the way others view them

Answer 14

Reflected appraisals

Question 15

The concept of reflected appraisals is also called

Answer 15

the looking-glass self

Question 16

The appraisals of ____ _____ are important people in our lives that affect our reflected-appraisals

Answer 16

particular others

Question 17

The appraisals of ___ ____ are the collective appraisals of communities we belong to and help define who we are

Answer 17

generalized others

Question 18

Our evaluation of whether aspects of our identity are desirable is established through a process of

Answer 18

social comparison

Question 19

Evaluations of ourselves in relation to certain reference groups

Answer 19

Social comparison

Question 20

Explicit communication about expectations that shape our understanding of who we are and what roles we are expected to fulfill

Answer 20

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 21

Subtly reminding individuals of stereotypical identity expectations that can affect their performance

Answer 21

Stereotype threat

Question 22

Refers to our fairly stable understanding of our unique characteristics based on previous interactions with others

Answer 22

Self-concept

Question 23

Refers to how positively or negatively we view the characteristics that make up our identities

Answer 23

Self-esteem

Question 24

Self-esteem can change over time, but may be resistant to change due to what pattern?

Answer 24

A pattern of accepting appraisals that match our current level of self-esteem

Question 25

Self-esteem is not always consistent with how others see us; this depends on how much ____ we internalize from others and which aspects of our ____ we ____ in interaction

Answer 25

Feedback | identity ; communicate

Question 26

Another component of self-concept that indicates one's expectations for and enactment of respectful treatment of self and others

Answer 26

Self-respect

Question 27

We are doing what when we communicate our sense of self to others (through things like how we dress)?

Answer 27

Performing identities

Question 28

Performance studies is a branch of communication studies which focuses on the ways people ____ _____ through communication

Answer 28

Enact identities

Question 29

The ___ _____ others hold for us influence which aspects of identity we are likely to enact

Answer 29

Role expectations

Question 30

Identities are mutable, meaning?

Answer 30

They're subject to change

Question 31

Because identities are _____, we change the aspects of our identities that we enact as we grow and move into different situations

Answer 31

Mutable

Question 32

What exerts a strong influence on individuals, to the point that people may feel strongly pressured to change the identity they enact?

Answer 32

Societal expectations

Question 33

What are the 9 identities?

Answer 33

1. Racial identity 2. National identity 3. Ethnic identity 4. Gender identity 5. Sexual identity 6. Age identity 7. Social class identity 8. Disability identity 9. Religious identity

Question 34

Develops as a result of societal forces and categorizations which vary from country to country. Has been historical defined by hereditary physical aspects of appearance but in truth has little scientific distinction anymore

Answer 34

Racial identity

Question 35

A term that acknowledges that some people have more than one racial identity

Answer 35

Multiracial identity

Question 36

Differs from racial identity because it reflects a person's citizenship

Answer 36

National identity

Question 37

Based solely on social groups, rather than any concept of genetic similarity. Individuals may feel a strong affiliation with the expectations or communication patterns of an ethnic group.

Answer 37

Ethnic identity

Question 38

Reflects a person's identification with the social constructions of masculinity and femininity

Answer 38

Gender identity

Question 39

Refers to identification with various categories of sexuality that one identifies with

Answer 39

Sexual identity

Question 40

Reflects the adoption of societal expectations for a person's age, as well as that person's feelings about his or her age

Answer 40

Age identity

Question 41

Based mainly on a combination of factors like income, education, occupation, dwelling, and child-rearing habits

Answer 41

Social class identity

Question 42

Similar social class identity seems to correspond to

Answer 42

Similar world views

Question 43

Refers to having an impairment of some sort, whether visible or not

Answer 43

Disability identity

Question 44

Based on a person's spiritual beliefs and background

Answer 44

Religious identity

Question 45

Identities are _____-___; our communication reflects our values about our own and others' identities

Answer 45

Value-laden

Question 46

We should be wary of doing what?

Answer 46

Reducing people to stereotypes based on one aspect of their identity

Question 47

How we communicate to and about others can influence what?

Answer 47

Identity expectations and identity performance

Question 48

Who a person is; composed of individual and social categories a person identifies with, as well as the categories that others identify with that person

Answer 48

Identity

Question 49

The idea that people's self images arise primarily from the ways that others view them and from the many messages they have received from others about who they are

Answer 49

Reflected appraisals

Question 50

The idea that self-image results from the images others reflect back to an individual

Answer 50

Looking-glass self

Question 51

The important people in an individual's life whos opinions and behavior influence the various aspects of identity

Answer 51

Particular others

Question 52

The collection of roles, rules, norms, beliefs, and attitudes endorsed by the community in which a person lives

Answer 52

Generalized other

Question 53

When an individual expects something to occur, the expectation increases the likelyhood that it will, as the expectation influences behavior

Answer 53

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 54

The process or means by which we show the world who we think we are

Answer 54

Performance of identity

Question 55

Influencing others' impressions by creating an image that is consistent with one's personal identity

Answer 55

Self-presentation

Question 56

Performing scripts deemed proper for particular identities

Answer 56

Enacting identities

Question 57

The expectation that one will perform in a particular way because of the social role occupied

Answer 57

Role expectations

Question 58

A person's citizenship

Answer 58

National identity

Question 59

Identification with a particular group with which one shares some or all of these characteristics: national or tribal affiliation, religious beliefs, language, and/or cultural and traditional origins and background

Answer 59

Ethnic identity

Question 60

Which of the various categories of sexuality one identifies with

Answer 60

Sexual identity