Chapter 36- Bones Muscles And Skin Flashcards
How many bones in the human body
206
Articulation
When bones touch/come close to each other
Purpose of skeleton
Give structure and protection organs, provides for movement, mineral reserves, and blood production in the hollow spaces of the hip and femur sternum and vertebrae
The two groups of the skeleton
Axial
Peripheral/appendicular
Sutures
Immovable joints in cranium
Clavicle
Collar bone, very easily broken and dangerous when broken bc shoulder collapses and the broken piece could descend through the ribs and cut the aeortic arch so they put your arm in a sling so that doesn’t happen
Sternum
3 sub bones, hollow for blood production
Ribs
Cartilage attach most to sternum
True ribs
Too 7 ribs on both sides they have cartilage and attach directly to the sternum
False ribs
The bottom five ribs that have cartilage that attaches to other cartilage that attaches to the sternum
Floating ribs
The last two false ribs that have no cartilage and protect the kidneys
Scapula
Shoulder (has lots of processes)
Spinal cord groups
The first 6 vertebrae are called cervical vertebrae (c1-c6).
The thorax vertebrae are next (T1-T6)
The 5 lumbar vertebrae are next
Sacrum and Coccus
Below the spinal cord
Sacrum-5 bones
Coccus -tailbone 3 bones
Four types of joints
Saddle
Pivot
Hinge
Ball and socket
Hinge joints
Elbows and knees, only move One Direction
Pivot joints
Lower arm
Ball and socket joints
Allow for comical movement (movement in shape of a cone) in hip and femur and shoulders
Saddle joints
Two bones that can slide two ways in wrists and feet
Tibia
Thick bone in lower leg that supports weight
Fibula
Attached to muscles that allow you to turn your foot
Radius and ulna
Lower arm bones that are both about the same thickness. When I’m anatomical position the radius is on the outside the ulna is in the inside
Bones in wrist and hand
Carpals- 8bones in wrist
Metacarpals
Phalanges- fingers 14 in each hand
Bones in foot
Tarsals
Metatarsals- bones in top of foot beyond tarsals
Phalanges- toes 14 in each foot
Ligaments
Connect bone to bone
Tendons
Connect muscles to bones
Spongy bone
Inner bone where bloood production occurs in its hollow spaces
Osteocytes
Bone cells (there are two types)-osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
Make new bone
Osteoclasts
Eat away old bone
Bones
A solid network of living cells and protein fibers that are surrounded by deposits of calcium salts
Compact bones
Lines the whole outside of bone
Haversian canals
Tubes with arteries and veins
Marrow
Fills the hollow center of bone fats for energy for fast grow by red and white blood cells
Periosteum
The leathery coating on. The outside of bones protects and lubricates it rots I’m dead people
Cartilage
Flexible connective tissue all bones have this. Cartilage on the end of bones is called articulate cartilage to orvevnt rubbing
Ossification
The process of converting cartilage to bone it occurs in babies and when bones break. Converting done by osteocytes
Five types of broken bones
Simple Buckl Crushed Green stick Compound
Autoimmune disease
Body attacks its own tissue
4 stages of the healing process for a break
- Bleeding/clotting (clotting due to fibrin) because blood flows in Haversian canals
- Osteoblasts leave other parts of the body to come to the location of a break to convert the fibrin to cartilage
- Osteoblasts concert cartilage to bones in ab 8 weeks
- Osteoblasts way away unnecessary bone
Three types of muscles
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal muscle
Voluntary- we have control of them. They’re called skeletal bc they’re attached to bone. This type makes up 90% of our muscle tissue. This type is striated which means it has lines that are based upon 2 major proteins found in the muscles=actin and myosin
Smooth muscle
This is the muscle found around the bladder arteries uterus and other places. It’s is slow acting but powerful. It causes vasoconstriction and vasodilation
Cardiac muscle
The most efficient muscle in the body because of the large amount of blood flow that allows it to easily get rid of toxins. It’s also striated like skeletal
Creatinine phosphokinase
CPK, this is the enzyme in all muscles. A normal level is 20-70 IU. It leaked into the blood stream as old muscle cells die
Tetani
Muscles won’t contract anymore. It happens bc the muscles get oxygen deficient so they produce the lactic acid which takes the muscles to tetani
A fascicle
Bundle of muscle fibers which are cells that can be very long
Microfibril
Hold long chains of proteins called actin and myosin
The sliding filament theory
ATP is the energy source for the myosin to attach itself to the actin but Tropomyosin blocks this action. However calcium comes to push it out-of-the-way, the myosin hook onto the Actin And the actin side passed the myosin which contracts and muscle
Sacromere
The smallest functional piece of muscle
Neuromuscular junction
Has chemicals that convert electrical signal to chemicals signal called neurotransmitters
The most common neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine
The all or nothing phenomenon
Muscle fibers are always either contracting or not. There is no in between. However, not all muscle fibers have to contract at the same time. If you’re lifting something light that only needs about 10% of the fibers only 1/10 contract. When those 1/10 get tired they turn off and a different 10% contract
Skin
The largest organ in the body, part of the integumentary system and helps us maintain homeostasis
The two main layers of skin
Epidermis and dermis
Layer of tissue under dermis
Subcutaneous adipose tissue
The basale layer
Where new cells are made. It’s well nourished in order to maintain rapid growth as the cells are made it pushes the old layer up. By doing this they move farther from oxygen food and they eventually die
The protein that makes up skin cells
Keratin
The corneum layer
Dead cells that fall off. Called to horny layer because the cells curl up at the end bc they’re shriveled
Subaceous glands
Produce sebum which is an oily residue
Three types of skin cancer
Basal
Squamous
Melanoma
Melanocytes
Cells that produce melanin that produces pigment to color skin
Cancer in melanocytes
Melanoma
Carcinoma
Means cancer
Metastasis
The term for when cancer has spread
