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Biology > Chapter 36- Bones Muscles And Skin > Flashcards

Chapter 36- Bones Muscles And Skin Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many bones in the human body

A

206

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2
Q

Articulation

A

When bones touch/come close to each other

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3
Q

Purpose of skeleton

A

Give structure and protection organs, provides for movement, mineral reserves, and blood production in the hollow spaces of the hip and femur sternum and vertebrae

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4
Q

The two groups of the skeleton

A

Axial

Peripheral/appendicular

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5
Q

Sutures

A

Immovable joints in cranium

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6
Q

Clavicle

A

Collar bone, very easily broken and dangerous when broken bc shoulder collapses and the broken piece could descend through the ribs and cut the aeortic arch so they put your arm in a sling so that doesn’t happen

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7
Q

Sternum

A

3 sub bones, hollow for blood production

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8
Q

Ribs

A

Cartilage attach most to sternum

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9
Q

True ribs

A

Too 7 ribs on both sides they have cartilage and attach directly to the sternum

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10
Q

False ribs

A

The bottom five ribs that have cartilage that attaches to other cartilage that attaches to the sternum

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11
Q

Floating ribs

A

The last two false ribs that have no cartilage and protect the kidneys

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12
Q

Scapula

A

Shoulder (has lots of processes)

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13
Q

Spinal cord groups

A

The first 6 vertebrae are called cervical vertebrae (c1-c6).
The thorax vertebrae are next (T1-T6)
The 5 lumbar vertebrae are next

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14
Q

Sacrum and Coccus

A

Below the spinal cord
Sacrum-5 bones
Coccus -tailbone 3 bones

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15
Q

Four types of joints

A

Saddle
Pivot
Hinge
Ball and socket

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16
Q

Hinge joints

A

Elbows and knees, only move One Direction

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17
Q

Pivot joints

A

Lower arm

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18
Q

Ball and socket joints

A

Allow for comical movement (movement in shape of a cone) in hip and femur and shoulders

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19
Q

Saddle joints

A

Two bones that can slide two ways in wrists and feet

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20
Q

Tibia

A

Thick bone in lower leg that supports weight

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21
Q

Fibula

A

Attached to muscles that allow you to turn your foot

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22
Q

Radius and ulna

A

Lower arm bones that are both about the same thickness. When I’m anatomical position the radius is on the outside the ulna is in the inside

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23
Q

Bones in wrist and hand

A

Carpals- 8bones in wrist
Metacarpals
Phalanges- fingers 14 in each hand

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24
Q

Bones in foot

A

Tarsals
Metatarsals- bones in top of foot beyond tarsals
Phalanges- toes 14 in each foot

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25
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect bone to bone

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26
Q

Tendons

A

Connect muscles to bones

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27
Q

Spongy bone

A

Inner bone where bloood production occurs in its hollow spaces

28
Q

Osteocytes

A

Bone cells (there are two types)-osteoblasts and osteoclasts

29
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Make new bone

30
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Eat away old bone

31
Q

Bones

A

A solid network of living cells and protein fibers that are surrounded by deposits of calcium salts

32
Q

Compact bones

A

Lines the whole outside of bone

33
Q

Haversian canals

A

Tubes with arteries and veins

34
Q

Marrow

A

Fills the hollow center of bone fats for energy for fast grow by red and white blood cells

35
Q

Periosteum

A

The leathery coating on. The outside of bones protects and lubricates it rots I’m dead people

36
Q

Cartilage

A

Flexible connective tissue all bones have this. Cartilage on the end of bones is called articulate cartilage to orvevnt rubbing

37
Q

Ossification

A

The process of converting cartilage to bone it occurs in babies and when bones break. Converting done by osteocytes

38
Q

Five types of broken bones

A 
Simple
Buckl 
Crushed
Green stick 
Compound
39
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

Body attacks its own tissue

40
Q

4 stages of the healing process for a break

A
  1. Bleeding/clotting (clotting due to fibrin) because blood flows in Haversian canals
  2. Osteoblasts leave other parts of the body to come to the location of a break to convert the fibrin to cartilage
  3. Osteoblasts concert cartilage to bones in ab 8 weeks
  4. Osteoblasts way away unnecessary bone
41
Q

Three types of muscles

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

42
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Voluntary- we have control of them. They’re called skeletal bc they’re attached to bone. This type makes up 90% of our muscle tissue. This type is striated which means it has lines that are based upon 2 major proteins found in the muscles=actin and myosin

43
Q

Smooth muscle

A

This is the muscle found around the bladder arteries uterus and other places. It’s is slow acting but powerful. It causes vasoconstriction and vasodilation

44
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

The most efficient muscle in the body because of the large amount of blood flow that allows it to easily get rid of toxins. It’s also striated like skeletal

45
Q

Creatinine phosphokinase

A

CPK, this is the enzyme in all muscles. A normal level is 20-70 IU. It leaked into the blood stream as old muscle cells die

46
Q

Tetani

A

Muscles won’t contract anymore. It happens bc the muscles get oxygen deficient so they produce the lactic acid which takes the muscles to tetani

47
Q

A fascicle

A

Bundle of muscle fibers which are cells that can be very long

48
Q

Microfibril

A

Hold long chains of proteins called actin and myosin

49
Q

The sliding filament theory

A

ATP is the energy source for the myosin to attach itself to the actin but Tropomyosin blocks this action. However calcium comes to push it out-of-the-way, the myosin hook onto the Actin And the actin side passed the myosin which contracts and muscle

50
Q

Sacromere

A

The smallest functional piece of muscle

51
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Has chemicals that convert electrical signal to chemicals signal called neurotransmitters

52
Q

The most common neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine

53
Q

The all or nothing phenomenon

A

Muscle fibers are always either contracting or not. There is no in between. However, not all muscle fibers have to contract at the same time. If you’re lifting something light that only needs about 10% of the fibers only 1/10 contract. When those 1/10 get tired they turn off and a different 10% contract

54
Q

Skin

A

The largest organ in the body, part of the integumentary system and helps us maintain homeostasis

55
Q

The two main layers of skin

A

Epidermis and dermis

56
Q

Layer of tissue under dermis

A

Subcutaneous adipose tissue

57
Q

The basale layer

A

Where new cells are made. It’s well nourished in order to maintain rapid growth as the cells are made it pushes the old layer up. By doing this they move farther from oxygen food and they eventually die

58
Q

The protein that makes up skin cells

A

Keratin

59
Q

The corneum layer

A

Dead cells that fall off. Called to horny layer because the cells curl up at the end bc they’re shriveled

60
Q

Subaceous glands

A

Produce sebum which is an oily residue

61
Q

Three types of skin cancer

A

Basal
Squamous
Melanoma

62
Q

Melanocytes

A

Cells that produce melanin that produces pigment to color skin

63
Q

Cancer in melanocytes

A

Melanoma

64
Q

Carcinoma

A

Means cancer

65
Q

Metastasis

A

The term for when cancer has spread

Biology (19 decks)

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