Chapter 19- Bacteria And Viruses

Question 1

What kind of cells are bacteria?

Answer 1

Prokaryotes, cells without nuclei. The dna floats in their cytoplasm.

Question 2

What is the group that all bacteria is a part of

Answer 2

Kingdom Monera

Question 3

What are the two groups bacteria can now be divided into

Answer 3

Eubacteria and archaebacteria

Question 4

What is the extra layer of protection bacteria have

Answer 4

They have a cell membrane AND a cell wall which isn’t the same as a plant cell wall but provides an extra layer of protection

Question 5

Peplogylclan

Answer 5

A layer of fat between the cell wall and the cell membrane only eubacteria have

Question 6

When microbiologists grow bacteria they separate it into two groups which are

Answer 6

Gram + and gram -

Question 7

What are the three main types of bacteria

Answer 7

Coccus, bacilli, and spirilla

Question 8

Bacteria is classified on whether or not

Answer 8

They need oxygen or not

Question 9

Obligate aerobes

Answer 9

Species of bacteria that needs oxygen to survive

Ie: TB

Question 10

Obligate anaerobes

Answer 10

Bacteria that grows in the absence of oxygen bc oxygen kills it

Question 11

Facultative anaerobes

Answer 11

Can survive oxygen but grow without it

Question 12

Chemoheterotrophs

Answer 12

Get energy from two sources (humans)

Question 13

Photoheterophs

Answer 13

Get energy from two sources. Something that Thales light in and carbon from other suppliers (ex: Venus fly trap)

Question 14

Photoautotrophs

Answer 14

Get energy from only sun

Question 15

Chemoautrophs

Answer 15

Get only energy from chemical processes (like bacteria in ocean vents)

Question 16

Binary fission

Answer 16

The way by which bacteria reproduce. Doesn’t involve an exchange of genetic info. Asexual form of reproduction. It’s very simple and produces two daughter cells

Question 17

Binary fission

Answer 17

The way by which bacteria reproduce. Doesn’t involve the exchange of any genetic information. Asexual form of reproduction. It’s very simple and results in two daughter cells

Question 18

Conjugation

Answer 18

When two bacteria of the same species form a bridge and share genetic information. This creates genetic variability

Question 19

Human uses for bacteria

Answer 19

Cheese, yogurt, pickled food, bacteria called eschurchia coli. That helps us digest food

Question 20

Why is nitrogen essential to plants

Answer 20

They need it to make amino acid

Question 21

Nitrogen fixation

Answer 21

The process of converting nitrogen gas into a form plants use

Question 22

Nitrogen fixers

Answer 22

Bacteria in modules of legumes called Rhizobium they put nitrogen in the soil

Question 23

Probiotics

Answer 23

Are a technique of reinoculating intestines with bacteria great for using with antibiotics

Question 24

Lytic infection

Answer 24

DNA is injected by bacteriophage and the DNA reproduces to create lots of bacteriophage then the cell bursts and releases them

Question 25

Lysogenic infectoon

Answer 25

DNA/RNA insert itself into regular DNA and it goes through many reproductive cycles them it goes into the lytic cycle many generations later

Question 26

Prophage

Answer 26

The viral DNA that is embedded in the hosts DNA

Question 27

Retroviruses

Answer 27

Family of virus that instead of injecting DNA they inject RNA. This RNA is an inside out copy of DNA. (Almost impossible to make vaccines for)

Question 28

Pathogen

Answer 28

Something that causes a disease. Most of the bacteria in us is not pathogenic

Question 29

Two ways bacteria damage cells and produce disease

Answer 29

1. Direct damage

2. Producing poisons to damage them

Question 30

Vaccine

Answer 30

A controlled virus ( weakened or killed pathogens) Sometimes they are steam killed so when it’s injected the patient won’t get sick. They don’t destroy the proteins in the vaccines so the body can create a defense against the foreign proteins. Some are attenuate which means a lot of bacteria that are grown to be weak

Question 31

Prions

Answer 31

No bacteria or viruses they are protein molecules. When your DNA normally make proteins they are right handed spirals or deoxyrotory. However prions are left handed and leuorototory. If you ingest these your body puts them into cells and they don’t function normally