Chapter 11- Introduction To Genetics Flashcards
Self pollination
The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same flower. Pollination occurs within the same plant or flower of the same species
Cross pollination
The transfer of pollen grains from the anther of the flower to the stigma of a flower of a different plants of the same species
The father of genetics
Gregor Mendel
What did Gregor Mendel do
Discovered how characteristics and traits were inherited
Genetics
The study of heredity
Heredity
The passing of traits from parents to offspring
What kind of plants did Mendel do his experiments on
Pea plants
Homozygous
Having two identical alleles for a single trait
Heterozygous
Referring to two different alleles for a single trait
Dominant allele
In a heterozygous situation this allele has the ability to mask the effects of a recessive allele
Recessive allele
Only in a heterozygous situation, this allele is masked by the dominant allele
What is a genotype
What genes, letters (combination of alleles) the organism has on their homologous pairs of chromosomes
What is a phenotype
What it looks like
What did Mendel call the two traits exhibited by the pea plants?
Alleles
True-breeding
These plants always create plants that look like themselves
Hybrids are
The offspring of two opposite true breeding plants
Segregation is
The separation of alleles. Alleles segregate independently of each other during sex cell (gamete) formation
Filial
Sexual offspring
Punnet squares
Show a possible outcome of traits
Gametes
Sex cells. Also known as haploid cells bc haploid means 1/2 the information
Diploid cells
Have a full set of chromosomes and genetic information
What’s a dihybrid cross
When the parents are both hybrids (heterozygous for both traits)
Incomplete dominance
When there is a blending of two phenotypes
Codominance
When both traits are expressed completely
What are sex linked recessive diseases
Color blindness and hemophilia. Both caused by the defect on a certain spot of the X chromosome
Polygenic traits
The genes that control many different traits
Multiple alleles
Ex: hair color has multiple alleles that contribute to the hair color of the offspring
Meiosis
The division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell
Human cells have —- chromosomes
46 (2 pairs of 23)
The crossover effect
Where the exchange of alleles between homologous chromosomes occurs
What’s the difference between female and male gamete production
They both go through meiosis 1 and 2 but men produce 4 equal sized gametes where women produce only one large egg cell and 3 other polar bodies (cells that aren’t able to be fertilized)
