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Biology > Chapter 2- The Chemistry Of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2- The Chemistry Of Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Protons and electrons

A

Are the same number in atoms

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2
Q

Describe electron energy levels

A

The first level only two electrons are allowed
The second and third levels allow eight
You must keep adding levels until you run out of electrons

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3
Q

Atomic mass equation

A

Protons + neutrons= atomic mass number

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4
Q

Explain the corollis effect

A

A mass moving in a rotating system experiences the corrollis force acting perpendicular to the direction of motion and to the axis of rotation

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5
Q

How fast do we spin

A

750 mph

Diff parts of the world spin at diff speeds

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6
Q

Hurricanes are never here

A

Equator Bc there is no corrollis effect there

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7
Q

How do hurricanes occur?

A

The winds in a thunderstorm start to spin. Bc the corrollis effect makes them spin. It becomes like a vacuum that sucks up warm air and uses that to move. Hurricanes are steered by other weather

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8
Q

The IPD

A

Inter pupillary distance. Is the distance between our pupils. You just adjust it on microscopes Bc if you don’t have to at the right distance you’ll see to images

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9
Q

How do you adjust the IPD

A

Using the IPD mechanism slowing bring them together till the two images turn into one

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10
Q

Eye tubes are

A

Adjustable to sharpen image

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11
Q

Total magnification of microscopes equation

A

Ocular x objective

Ex: 10x40=400 total magnification

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12
Q

The highest you can magnify in a compound microscope

A

1000x

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13
Q

What does the condenser do

A

Condenses the light

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14
Q

Most important part of microscope and why

A

Condenser Bc it contains the iris diapgram

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15
Q

The most misused and misunderstood part of microscopes

A

Iris diaphragm. It controls quality and sharpesss and not lighting

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16
Q

The power supply is

A

Used for light and darkness

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17
Q

Gram stains

A

The first step in the 48 hour process to determine which antibiotic is best for a particular bacteria.

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18
Q

Popular microbiology mistakes

A

A false positive and a false negative

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19
Q

Explain a false positive

A

You said someone had something but they really didn’t

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20
Q

False negative

A

The patient had something and you missed it. Much worse than a false positive Bc here are no backup tests and it could be fatal

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21
Q

What objective do you use to start looking at cells and why

A

10x. Never use anything bigger Bc it will come down and smash the slide of the objective.

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22
Q

What is the most expensive part of microscopes

A

The objectives

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23
Q

Atoms

A

Basic unit or structure of matter

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24
Q

What determines an element and it’s name

A

The number of protons

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25
Q

Neutrons and protons weigh

A

The same

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26
Q

Negative charges and positive charges are

A

The same strength

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27
Q

Electrons are — the size of protons and neutrons

A

1/1800th

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28
Q

The vast amount of atoms

A

Empty space

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29
Q

What gives shape to everything

A

Electrical repulsion

30
Q

Like charges

A

Repel

31
Q

The last naturally occurring element

A

Uranium

32
Q

Isotope

A

Two or more atoms of the same element that have diff atomic masses or have a diff number of neutrons

33
Q

Atomic mass

A

The mathematical average of all the isotopes in nature. It is the number under each element

34
Q

Ion

A

An atom with an unbalanced number of positive and negative charges

35
Q

Why do atoms want to loose or gain electrons

A

Atoms want to have eight electrons in the outer orbit, so if they have an extra orbit for actual leftover electrons they are unhappy. Negatively charged Atoms have seven and want one more to have eight. It also has to do with shape they want 8 electrons Bc of shape

36
Q

The four physical forces In the universe

A

Gravity
Electromagnetic force
Strong nuclear force
Weak nuclear force

37
Q

The max number of electrons in a S orbit

What is the shape of a s orbit

A

2 electrons

The s is for sphrerical

38
Q

P orbit shape and number of electrons

A

Dumbbell or infinity shaped they hole 6 electrons two on each xyz axis

39
Q

Ionic bond

A

The electrical attraction and repulsion between ions it is very weak

40
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Sharing of electrons

41
Q

Brownian motion

What is molecules speed determined by

A

The fact that particles in a liquid or gas are in a Constant rapid motion
Speed determined by the temperature

42
Q

Suspension

A

Particles are held in position

43
Q

Why does dust float

A

The air particles are jiggling and hit the dust. The energy of all those collisions are stronger than gravity. Therefore all dust floats around

44
Q

Number is ph scale

A

0-14

45
Q

Alkaline

A

Synonym for base

46
Q

Acids

A

Chemical or compounds that will donate a H+ ion to another atom

47
Q

Base or alkaline

A

Any chemical or compound that will receive the H+ ion

48
Q

The ph and the pOH always add up to

A

14

49
Q

Our bloods pH

A

7.35-7.45

50
Q

Buffers

A

Chemicals that help maintain a stable pH value

51
Q

What are the four organic compounds/macromolecules

A

Carbs
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleus acids

52
Q

The functions of carbs

A

Source of energy

Plants and animals use them for structural purposes

53
Q

Functions of lipids

A

Can be used to store energy

Important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings also barriers of cells

54
Q

Functions of protein

A

Control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes

They form bones and muscles and transport substances into or out of cells and help fight diseases

55
Q

Nuclei acids functions

A

Store an transmit hereditary or genetic info

56
Q

Monomers

A

Building blocks to make a substance

57
Q

Organic chemistry

A

The study of all compounds that contain bonds within carbon atoms

58
Q

Living organisms are made up of molecules that consist of

A

Carbon oxygen phosphorus sulfur and nitrogen

59
Q

Macromolecules are formed when

A

Monomers join and become a polymer

Process called polymerization

60
Q

Polymerization

A

When large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together
The small subunits are called monomer and the large subunits are called polymers

61
Q

The single sugar molecule

A

Monosaccharide

62
Q

Three compounds that make up a nucleotide

A

5 carbon sugar
A phosphate group
Nitrogenous base

63
Q

Nobler of nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides

64
Q

The photosynthesis reaction is a what kind of reaction

A

An endothermic reaction

65
Q

The arrow in a chemical reaction signifies

A

The reaction

66
Q

Chemical reaction

A

The recombining or rearranging of atoms and molecules to form new substances. They either produce or use energy.

67
Q

Catalyst

A

A compound/molecule that is used to start or increase the rate of a reaction

68
Q

Endothermic reactions

A

If the energy is in the reactant (to Bring In Or suck up energy)

69
Q

Exothermic reactions

A

If the energy is a product

Produces energy

70
Q

Starches

A

Long chains of glucose

71
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Every cell is taking sugar and ripping it up which keeps us alive

72
Q

Enzymes

A

A molecule that accelerates helps and moderates biochemical reactions in living things. Enzymes are dependent on pH. They will stop functioning if our pH goes below 7.35-7.45 above

Biology (19 decks)

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