Chapter 2- The Chemistry Of Life Flashcards by Courtney Doukas

Protons and electrons

Are the same number in atoms

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Describe electron energy levels

The first level only two electrons are allowed
The second and third levels allow eight
You must keep adding levels until you run out of electrons

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Atomic mass equation

Protons + neutrons= atomic mass number

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Explain the corollis effect

A mass moving in a rotating system experiences the corrollis force acting perpendicular to the direction of motion and to the axis of rotation

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How fast do we spin

750 mph

Diff parts of the world spin at diff speeds

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Hurricanes are never here

Equator Bc there is no corrollis effect there

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How do hurricanes occur?

The winds in a thunderstorm start to spin. Bc the corrollis effect makes them spin. It becomes like a vacuum that sucks up warm air and uses that to move. Hurricanes are steered by other weather

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The IPD

Inter pupillary distance. Is the distance between our pupils. You just adjust it on microscopes Bc if you don’t have to at the right distance you’ll see to images

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How do you adjust the IPD

Using the IPD mechanism slowing bring them together till the two images turn into one

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Eye tubes are

Adjustable to sharpen image

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Total magnification of microscopes equation

Ocular x objective

Ex: 10x40=400 total magnification

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The highest you can magnify in a compound microscope

1000x

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What does the condenser do

Condenses the light

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Most important part of microscope and why

Condenser Bc it contains the iris diapgram

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The most misused and misunderstood part of microscopes

Iris diaphragm. It controls quality and sharpesss and not lighting

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The power supply is

Used for light and darkness

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Gram stains

The first step in the 48 hour process to determine which antibiotic is best for a particular bacteria.

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Popular microbiology mistakes

A false positive and a false negative

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Explain a false positive

You said someone had something but they really didn’t

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False negative

The patient had something and you missed it. Much worse than a false positive Bc here are no backup tests and it could be fatal

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What objective do you use to start looking at cells and why

10x. Never use anything bigger Bc it will come down and smash the slide of the objective.

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What is the most expensive part of microscopes

The objectives

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Atoms

Basic unit or structure of matter

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What determines an element and it’s name

The number of protons

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Neutrons and protons weigh

The same

Negative charges and positive charges are

The same strength

Electrons are --- the size of protons and neutrons

1/1800th

The vast amount of atoms

Empty space

What gives shape to everything

Electrical repulsion

Like charges

Repel

The last naturally occurring element

Uranium

Isotope

Two or more atoms of the same element that have diff atomic masses or have a diff number of neutrons

Atomic mass

The mathematical average of all the isotopes in nature. It is the number under each element

Ion

An atom with an unbalanced number of positive and negative charges

Why do atoms want to loose or gain electrons

Atoms want to have eight electrons in the outer orbit, so if they have an extra orbit for actual leftover electrons they are unhappy. Negatively charged Atoms have seven and want one more to have eight. It also has to do with shape they want 8 electrons Bc of shape

The four physical forces In the universe

Gravity Electromagnetic force Strong nuclear force Weak nuclear force

The max number of electrons in a S orbit | What is the shape of a s orbit

2 electrons | The s is for sphrerical

P orbit shape and number of electrons

Dumbbell or infinity shaped they hole 6 electrons two on each xyz axis

Ionic bond

The electrical attraction and repulsion between ions it is very weak

Covalent bonds

Sharing of electrons

Brownian motion | What is molecules speed determined by

The fact that particles in a liquid or gas are in a Constant rapid motion Speed determined by the temperature

Suspension

Particles are held in position

Why does dust float

The air particles are jiggling and hit the dust. The energy of all those collisions are stronger than gravity. Therefore all dust floats around

Number is ph scale

0-14

Alkaline

Synonym for base

Acids

Chemical or compounds that will donate a H+ ion to another atom

Base or alkaline

Any chemical or compound that will receive the H+ ion

The ph and the pOH always add up to

Our bloods pH

7.35-7.45

Buffers

Chemicals that help maintain a stable pH value

What are the four organic compounds/macromolecules

Carbs Lipids Proteins Nucleus acids

The functions of carbs

Source of energy | Plants and animals use them for structural purposes

Functions of lipids

Can be used to store energy | Important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings also barriers of cells

Functions of protein

Control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes | They form bones and muscles and transport substances into or out of cells and help fight diseases

Nuclei acids functions

Store an transmit hereditary or genetic info

Monomers

Building blocks to make a substance

Organic chemistry

The study of all compounds that contain bonds within carbon atoms

Living organisms are made up of molecules that consist of

Carbon oxygen phosphorus sulfur and nitrogen

Macromolecules are formed when

Monomers join and become a polymer | Process called polymerization

Polymerization

When large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together The small subunits are called monomer and the large subunits are called polymers

The single sugar molecule

Monosaccharide

Three compounds that make up a nucleotide

5 carbon sugar A phosphate group Nitrogenous base

Nobler of nucleic acids

Nucleotides

The photosynthesis reaction is a what kind of reaction

An endothermic reaction

The arrow in a chemical reaction signifies

The reaction

Chemical reaction

The recombining or rearranging of atoms and molecules to form new substances. They either produce or use energy.

Catalyst

A compound/molecule that is used to start or increase the rate of a reaction

Endothermic reactions

If the energy is in the reactant (to Bring In Or suck up energy)

Exothermic reactions

If the energy is a product | Produces energy

Starches

Long chains of glucose

Cellular respiration

Every cell is taking sugar and ripping it up which keeps us alive

Enzymes

A molecule that accelerates helps and moderates biochemical reactions in living things. Enzymes are dependent on pH. They will stop functioning if our pH goes below 7.35-7.45 above