Chapter 2- The Chemistry Of Life Flashcards
Protons and electrons
Are the same number in atoms
Describe electron energy levels
The first level only two electrons are allowed
The second and third levels allow eight
You must keep adding levels until you run out of electrons
Atomic mass equation
Protons + neutrons= atomic mass number
Explain the corollis effect
A mass moving in a rotating system experiences the corrollis force acting perpendicular to the direction of motion and to the axis of rotation
How fast do we spin
750 mph
Diff parts of the world spin at diff speeds
Hurricanes are never here
Equator Bc there is no corrollis effect there
How do hurricanes occur?
The winds in a thunderstorm start to spin. Bc the corrollis effect makes them spin. It becomes like a vacuum that sucks up warm air and uses that to move. Hurricanes are steered by other weather
The IPD
Inter pupillary distance. Is the distance between our pupils. You just adjust it on microscopes Bc if you don’t have to at the right distance you’ll see to images
How do you adjust the IPD
Using the IPD mechanism slowing bring them together till the two images turn into one
Eye tubes are
Adjustable to sharpen image
Total magnification of microscopes equation
Ocular x objective
Ex: 10x40=400 total magnification
The highest you can magnify in a compound microscope
1000x
What does the condenser do
Condenses the light
Most important part of microscope and why
Condenser Bc it contains the iris diapgram
The most misused and misunderstood part of microscopes
Iris diaphragm. It controls quality and sharpesss and not lighting
The power supply is
Used for light and darkness
Gram stains
The first step in the 48 hour process to determine which antibiotic is best for a particular bacteria.
Popular microbiology mistakes
A false positive and a false negative
Explain a false positive
You said someone had something but they really didn’t
False negative
The patient had something and you missed it. Much worse than a false positive Bc here are no backup tests and it could be fatal
What objective do you use to start looking at cells and why
10x. Never use anything bigger Bc it will come down and smash the slide of the objective.
What is the most expensive part of microscopes
The objectives
Atoms
Basic unit or structure of matter
What determines an element and it’s name
The number of protons
Neutrons and protons weigh
The same
Negative charges and positive charges are
The same strength
Electrons are — the size of protons and neutrons
1/1800th
The vast amount of atoms
Empty space
What gives shape to everything
Electrical repulsion
Like charges
Repel
The last naturally occurring element
Uranium
Isotope
Two or more atoms of the same element that have diff atomic masses or have a diff number of neutrons
Atomic mass
The mathematical average of all the isotopes in nature. It is the number under each element
Ion
An atom with an unbalanced number of positive and negative charges
Why do atoms want to loose or gain electrons
Atoms want to have eight electrons in the outer orbit, so if they have an extra orbit for actual leftover electrons they are unhappy. Negatively charged Atoms have seven and want one more to have eight. It also has to do with shape they want 8 electrons Bc of shape
The four physical forces In the universe
Gravity
Electromagnetic force
Strong nuclear force
Weak nuclear force
The max number of electrons in a S orbit
What is the shape of a s orbit
2 electrons
The s is for sphrerical
P orbit shape and number of electrons
Dumbbell or infinity shaped they hole 6 electrons two on each xyz axis
Ionic bond
The electrical attraction and repulsion between ions it is very weak
Covalent bonds
Sharing of electrons
Brownian motion
What is molecules speed determined by
The fact that particles in a liquid or gas are in a Constant rapid motion
Speed determined by the temperature
Suspension
Particles are held in position
Why does dust float
The air particles are jiggling and hit the dust. The energy of all those collisions are stronger than gravity. Therefore all dust floats around
Number is ph scale
0-14
Alkaline
Synonym for base
Acids
Chemical or compounds that will donate a H+ ion to another atom
Base or alkaline
Any chemical or compound that will receive the H+ ion
The ph and the pOH always add up to
14
Our bloods pH
7.35-7.45
Buffers
Chemicals that help maintain a stable pH value
What are the four organic compounds/macromolecules
Carbs
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleus acids
The functions of carbs
Source of energy
Plants and animals use them for structural purposes
Functions of lipids
Can be used to store energy
Important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings also barriers of cells
Functions of protein
Control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes
They form bones and muscles and transport substances into or out of cells and help fight diseases
Nuclei acids functions
Store an transmit hereditary or genetic info
Monomers
Building blocks to make a substance
Organic chemistry
The study of all compounds that contain bonds within carbon atoms
Living organisms are made up of molecules that consist of
Carbon oxygen phosphorus sulfur and nitrogen
Macromolecules are formed when
Monomers join and become a polymer
Process called polymerization
Polymerization
When large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together
The small subunits are called monomer and the large subunits are called polymers
The single sugar molecule
Monosaccharide
Three compounds that make up a nucleotide
5 carbon sugar
A phosphate group
Nitrogenous base
Nobler of nucleic acids
Nucleotides
The photosynthesis reaction is a what kind of reaction
An endothermic reaction
The arrow in a chemical reaction signifies
The reaction
Chemical reaction
The recombining or rearranging of atoms and molecules to form new substances. They either produce or use energy.
Catalyst
A compound/molecule that is used to start or increase the rate of a reaction
Endothermic reactions
If the energy is in the reactant (to Bring In Or suck up energy)
Exothermic reactions
If the energy is a product
Produces energy
Starches
Long chains of glucose
Cellular respiration
Every cell is taking sugar and ripping it up which keeps us alive
Enzymes
A molecule that accelerates helps and moderates biochemical reactions in living things. Enzymes are dependent on pH. They will stop functioning if our pH goes below 7.35-7.45 above
