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Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is cephalocaudal pattern

A

a sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top- the head-with physical growth in size weight, and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom
shoulders, middle trunk and so on

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2
Q

what is proximodistal pattern

A

a sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities

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3
Q

in what areas does the cephalocaudal pattern grow

A

e.g. head area, as the top parts of the head-the eyes and brain-grow faster than the lower parts, such as the jaw

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4
Q

according to the cephalocaudal pattern what generally proceeds in developing

A

sensory and motor development

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5
Q

according to the proximodistal pattern what is an example of what the baby can move first

A

e.g. infants control the muscles of their trunk and arms before they control their hands, and they use their whole hands before they can control several fingers

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6
Q

what does episodic mean according to growth

A
  • growth occurring in spurts
  • not smooth
  • continuous
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7
Q

what is another name for nerve cells

A

neurons

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8
Q

does brain development continue after birth?

A

yes, extensive brain development continues after birth, through infancy, and later

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9
Q

why should a baby head be protected

A

brain is developing so rapidly in infancy

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10
Q

what is shaken baby syndrome

A
  • brain swells
  • hemorrhaging
    when baby is shaken
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11
Q

at birth how much does a baby brain weigh

A

a 25th percent of its adult weight

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12
Q

what weight is a babys brain by their second birthday

A

75 percent of its adult weight
not mature uniformly

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13
Q

What does EEG stand for

A

electroencephalogram

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14
Q

what is EEG

A

measure of the brains electrical activity to learn about the brains development in infancy

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15
Q

what positive effects do high quality mother-infant interaction early in infancy cause

A

higher-quality frontal lobe functioning

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16
Q

what does fNIRS stand for

A

functional near-infrared spectroscopy

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17
Q

How does the fNIRS work

A

use very low levels of near-infrared light to monitor changes in blood oxygen

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18
Q

where is the forebrain

A

farthest from the spinal cord
includes;
- cerebral cortex
- several structures behind it

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19
Q

what is the cerebral cortex

A

covers the forebrain like a wrinkled cap

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20
Q

what are the four main lobes found in the cerebral cortex

A
  • frontal lobe
  • occipital lobe
  • temporal lobe
  • parietal lobe
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21
Q

how many hemispheres are there?

A

two halves in the brain

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22
Q

are the two hemisphere identical?

A

not identical in anatomy or function

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23
Q

what is lateralization

A

the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other; both needed for the complex functions

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24
Q

when do newborns show greater electrical brain activity in the left than the right

A

when listening to speech sounds

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25
Q

at birth the hemispheres of the cerebral cortex have started to specialize

A

true

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26
Q

what hemisphere is used when focusing in language, speech, and grammar?

A

left hemisphere in most people

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27
Q

what hemisphere is used when focusing on appropriate language used in different contexts, and the use of metaphor and humor?

A

right hemisphere

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28
Q

complex functions are directed by which hemisphere

A

both sides communicate

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29
Q

what is a neuron

A

nerve cell that handles information processing

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30
Q

what is an axon

A

a fiber that carries signals away from the cell body

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31
Q

what are dendrites

A

fiber carrying signals toward it

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32
Q

what is a myelin sheath

A

layer of fat cells encases many axons

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33
Q

what do neurons send

A

electrical and chemical signals
communicate with eachother

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34
Q

what are the two types of fibers that extend from a neurons cell body

A

axons and dendrites

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35
Q

what is the purpose of the myelin sheath

A
  • provides insulation
  • helps electrical signals travel faster down the the axon
  • providing energy to neurons
  • facilitating communication
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36
Q

what are neurotransmitters

A

terminal buttons at end of axon that release chemicals (neurotransmitters)

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37
Q

what are synapses

A

tiny gaps between neurons

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38
Q

what happens when axons and dendrites connect when there are chemical interactions in the synapses

A
  • allow information to pass from one neuron to another
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39
Q

what is the first process of myelination

A
  • process of encasing axons with fat cells
  • speeds up neural transmissions
  • expansion of dendritic connections facilitates the spreading of neural pathways in infant development
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40
Q

how long does the myelination process last

A
  • begins prenatal
  • continue childhood
  • and adolescence
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41
Q

what is the second process of myelination

A
  • neuron connectivity increases (creating new neuron pathways)
  • new dendrites grow
  • connections among dendrites increase
  • synaptic connections between axons and dendrites proliferate
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42
Q

what happens to synaptic connections that are never used

A

replaced by other pathways or disappear

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43
Q

what happens to synaptic connections that are used

A

become stronger and survive/”pruned”

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44
Q

what happens in the prefrontal cortex

A
  • higher level thinking
  • self regulation occur
  • peak of overproduction occurs at just over 3 years of age until middle to late adolescence where adult density of synapses is achieved
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45
Q

what is thought to influence the timing and course of synaptic overproduction and subsequent retraction

A

heredity and environment

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46
Q

when does myelination occur and get completed for visual pathways?

A

rapidly after birth
completed in the first 6 months

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47
Q

when does myelination get completed for auditory pathways

A

not completed until 4 or 5 years of age

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48
Q

what inflowing stream help shape neural connections in the environment of early experience and the brain

A
  • sights
  • sounds
  • smells
  • touches
  • language
  • eye contact
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49
Q

what does having depressed brain activity have to do with environment

A

connection with growing up in a deprived environment

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50
Q

what happen when the brain looses brain tissue

A

it recovers and adapts

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51
Q

what does brain development depend on

A

context

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52
Q

what does the brain have

A

plasticity

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53
Q

what is the neuroconstructivist view

A

biological processes (e.g. genes) and environmental conditions (e.g. enriched or impoverished) influence the brains development in two ways

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54
Q

what is the first way in the neuroconstructivist view that is believed to influence the brains development

A

the brain has plasticity and is context dependent

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55
Q

what is the second way in the neuroconstructivist view that is believed to influence the brains development

A

that development of the brain and childs cognitive development are closely linked

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56
Q

what does the neurocontructivist view emphasize

A

interactions between experiences and gene expression in the brains development are important (such as epigenetic view proposes)

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57
Q

what does REM stand for

A

Rapid Eye Movement

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58
Q

what is REM thought to do in infancy

A

promote infants brain development

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59
Q

what does SIDS stand for

A

sudden infant death syndrome

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60
Q

what is SIDS

A
  • infant stops breathing
    (usually during night)
    -dies
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61
Q

how many annual deaths has SIDS caused

A

2,000

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62
Q

what period of infancy is SIDS risk the highest

A

2 to 4 months

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63
Q

what reduces the risk of SIDS

A

sleeping on their backs

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64
Q

why does sleeping on their back decrease chances of SIDS

A
  • access to fresh air
  • reduces chances of getting overheated
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65
Q

what can abnormal brain stem function involving the neurotransmitter serotonin cause in infants

A

SiDS

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66
Q

what does the gene mutation of heart arrhythmias cause in infants

A

SIDS (10 to 15 percent)

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67
Q

to which infants are SIDS less common

A

breast fed infants

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68
Q

to which infants are SIDS more common

A
  • second hand smoke
  • low birth weight infants
  • African American infants
  • Eskimo infants
  • exposed to cigarette smoke
  • sleep with/same bed as parents
  • bedroom with no fan
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69
Q

what are two factors that best predict SIDS

A
  • maternal smoking
  • bed sharing
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70
Q

what does infant sleep positively benefit in cognitive development

A
  • better memory
  • language
  • executive function
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71
Q

what does the link between infant sleep and children’s cognitive function bring

A
  • brain maturation
  • memory consolidation
    (improves daytime alertness + learning)
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72
Q

what happened to infants who had more sleeping problems

A

emotional dysregulation at 2 to 3 years of age
- poor attention functioning in elementary school

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73
Q

during the first six months where does the infant obtain nutrients and energy

A
  • human milk
  • alternative formula
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74
Q

what are the benefits of breast feeding

A

first two years of life+
- appropriate weight gain
- reduced risk of child and adult obesity
- fewer gastrointestinal infections
- fewer respiratory tract infections
- small increase in child intelligence
- protects against wheezing (may or may not prevent asthma)
- fewer ear, throat, and sinus infections

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75
Q

what benefit does breast feeding bring to mothers

A
  • reduction of hospitalization for cardiovascular functioning
  • lower incidence of breast cancer
  • reduction in ovarian cancer
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76
Q

when should a woman not breastfeed?

A
  • having AIDS
  • infectious disease that can be transmitted
  • active tuberculosis
  • taking drugs
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77
Q

what are the types of research done on breast feeding vs bottle fed babies

A

correlational studies

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78
Q

what types of environments do infants need

A
  • nutritional
  • supportive
  • nurturing
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79
Q

what happens when an infant develops according to their nutritional need supply

A

strength and coordination required for motor development

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80
Q

what is dynamic systems theory

A

perspective on motor development that seeks to explain how motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting

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81
Q

what does perceiving and acting refer to in the dynamic systems theory

A

perceiving - perceive something in their environment that motivates them to act
perception - fine-tune their movements
(represent pathways to infants goals)

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82
Q

what is “tune” for an infant

A

repeated cycles of action then perception of the consequences of those actions
(using motor skills)

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83
Q

according to dynamic systems, how does an infant promote motor development

A

infant actively puts together a skill in order to achieve a goal within the constraints set by the infants body and environment

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84
Q

what are reflexes

A
  • built in reactions to stimuli
  • genetically carried survival mechanisms
    - automatic + involuntary
    e.g. when immersed in water, the baby automatically holds its breath and contracts its throat to keep water out
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85
Q

what is the stimulant for the rooting reflex

A

cheek stroked or side of mouth touched

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86
Q

what is the infants response to having its cheek stroked or side of mouth touched according to its rooting reflex

A

turns head, opens mouth, begins sucking

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87
Q

what does the rooting reflex disappear

A

3 to 4 months

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88
Q

what is the sucking reflex stimulant

A

object put in their mouth

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89
Q

what is the infants response to an object touching their mouth

A

sucks automatically

side note: allows newborns to get nourishment before they have associated a nippe with food

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90
Q

when does the sucking reflex disappear

A

3 to 4 months

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91
Q

what is the Moro (startle) reflex stimulant

A

sudden stimulation, such as hearing loud noise or being dropped

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92
Q

what happens when a sudden stimulation such as hearing a loud noise or being dropped happens to an infant

A
  • startled
  • arches back
  • throws head back
  • flings out arms and legs
  • rapidly closes them to center of body
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93
Q

when does Moro (startle) reflex disappear

A

3 to 4 months

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94
Q

what is blinking reflex in an infant stimulant

A

flash of light
puff of air

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95
Q

what is the infants response to the blinking reflex

A

closes both eyes

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96
Q

when does the blinking reflex disappear

A

permanent

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97
Q

what is the Babinski reflex stimulant in an infant

A

sole of foot stroked

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98
Q

what is the infants response to having the sole of foot stroked

A
  • fans out toes
  • twists foot in
99
Q

when does the Babinski reflex disappear

A

disappears after 9 months to 1 year

100
Q

what is the grasping reflex stimulation

A

palms touched

101
Q

what is the infants response when its palms are touched

A

grasps tightly with hand

102
Q

when does the grasping reflex disappear in an infant

A
  • weakens after 3 months
  • disappears after 1 year
103
Q

what is the stimulant for the stepping reflex

A

infant held above surface and feet lowered to touch surface

104
Q

what is the infants response to the stepping reflex

A

moves feet as if to walk

105
Q

when does the stepping reflex disappear

A

3 to 4 months

106
Q

what is the stimulant in the swimming reflex in infants

A

infant being put face down in water

107
Q

what is the infants response to being put face down in water

A

make coordinated swimming movements

108
Q

when does the swimming reflex disappear in infants

A

6 to 7 months

109
Q

what is the tonic reflex stimulant

A

infant placed on back

110
Q

what is the infants response to being placed on back from the tonic neck reflex

A

forms fist with both hands and usually turns head to the right (sometimes called the “fencer’s pose” because the infant looks like it is assuming a fencers position)

111
Q

what are some reflexes that persist through life

A
  • coughing
  • sneezing
  • blinking
  • shivering
  • yawning
112
Q

what are gross motor skills

A

skills that involve large-muscle activities
(moving ones arms and walking)

113
Q

when can infants sit independently

A

until they are 6 or 7 months of age

114
Q

when walking upright what are closely linked together

A

locomotion and postural control

115
Q

what is linked to reaching motor milestone early at birth

A

larger birth size;
- birth
- weight
- birth length
- head circumference
- breastfeeding
increase in size;
- weight increase
- length
- head

116
Q

what development occurs in the second year

A

motor skills are honed and continue to be used

117
Q

what is fine motor skills

A

involve finely tuned movements
(e.g. using spoon, finger dexterity)

118
Q

what is sensation in infants

A

occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors
- eyes
- ears
- tongue
- nostril
- skin

119
Q

what does the sensation of hearing mean

A

occurs when waves of pulsating air are collected by the outer ear and transmitted through the bones of the inner ear to the auditory nerve

120
Q

how does the sensation of vision occur

A

rays of light contact the
- eyes
- become focused on the retina
- transmitted by the optic nerve
- to the visual centers of the brain

121
Q

what does perception mean

A

interpretation of what is sensed

122
Q

what is Gibsons ecological view

A

we directly perceive information that exists in the world and around us

123
Q

what is the visual preference method that researchers use to study infant perception

A

measuring the length of time they attend to different stimuli, method developed by Fantz to determine whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another

124
Q

what does habituation mean when researchers study infant perception

A

decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus

125
Q

what does dishabituation mean when researchers study infant perception

A

recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation

126
Q

what does videotape allow research when studying infant perception

A

investigate elusive behaviors

127
Q

what do high speed computers make possible for researcher to study about infant perception

A

perform complex data analysis in minutes

128
Q

what do other equipment record when researchers study infant perception

A
  • respiration
  • heart rate
  • body movement
  • visual fixation
  • sucking behavior
    (provide clues to what the infant is perceiving)
129
Q

what can eye tracking equipment evaluate

A

an infants early visual ability

130
Q

what is a newborns vision on the Snellen eye examination chart

A

20/600
20 - newborn
600 - adult

131
Q

what is a 6 month olds vision on the Snellen eye chart

A

20/40

132
Q

what is possibly the most important visual stimuli in a children’s social environment

A

faces

133
Q

why are faces possibly the most important visual stimuli in a childs social environment

A

to extract key information from other faces

134
Q

since when do infants show in interest in faces

A

since birth

135
Q

by how early can toddlers discriminate among some colors

A

early as 4 y/o or typically by 8 weeks

136
Q

how many months do infants start perceiving that occluded objects are whole

A

about 2 months of age

137
Q

during the last two months of pregnancy what sense can the fetus use

A

hearing

138
Q

how do infants perceive low and high pitched sounds

A
  • less sensitive to low pitched sounds
  • more likely to hear high pitched sounds
139
Q

newborns who received regular gentle tactile stimulation as fetuses were more likely to..

A

have easy temperament than their counterparts

140
Q

can newborns feel pain

A

yes, especially when circumsciced without anesthesia

141
Q

what benefit does kangaroo care have on newborns

A

ver effective in reducing neonatal pain

142
Q

can new borns differentiate among odors

A

yes

143
Q

do newborns have sensitivity to tastes

A

yes even before birth

144
Q

what is intermodal perception

A

integrating information from two or more sensory modalities
(e.g. vision and hearing) most perception is intermodal

145
Q

what are nativists

A

in the field of perceptual development who emphasize nature
the ability to perceive the world in a competent, organized way is inborn and innate

146
Q

what are empiricists

A

in the field of perceptual development who emphasize learning and experience

147
Q

what is the central theme of the ecological approach

A

the interplay between perception and action

148
Q

what does the ecological approach (interplay between perception and action) refer to

A

action can guide perception and perception can guide action

149
Q

what is the bases of Piagets theory

A

biology and experience sculpt cognitive development

150
Q

what does adaption mean

A

adjusting to new environmental demands

151
Q

what are schemes according to Piagets processes of development

A

action schemes or mental schemes
representations that organize knowledge

152
Q

according to Piagets theory what type of scheme do infants and toddler/older children create

A

infants - behavioral schemes (psychical activities)
toddlers/older children - mental schemes (cognitive activities)

153
Q

when does assimilation occur according to Piagets cognitive development theory

A

when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences

154
Q

what is accommodation according to Piqgets cognitive development theory

A

occurs when children adjust their scheme to account for new information and experiences

155
Q

what does organization mean according to Piagets cognitive development theory

A

concept of grouping isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher order, more smoothly functioning cognitive system

156
Q

what does sensorimotor stage mean in Piagets theory

A

the first stage (lasts from birth to 2 years of age)
- during this stage, infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motoric actions

157
Q

what is disequilibrium in Piagets theory

A

when the child is constantly inevitably experiencing cognitive conflict ( to their existing schemes)

158
Q

how many stages are in Piagets process of development

A

four

159
Q

what does object permanence mean according to Piaget terms

A

term for understanding that objects and events continue to exist, even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched

160
Q

what does A-not-B error mean

A

this term is used to describe the tendency infants to reach where an object was located earlier rather than where the object was last hidden
(might be due to a failure in memory)

161
Q

what does core knowledge approach mean

A

infants are born with domain-specific innate knowledge systems

162
Q

what is the downside to Piagets theory

A

greatly underestimated the cognitive abilities of infants, especially young infants

163
Q

what is deli mental cognitive neuroscience

A

exploring connections between brain, cognition, and development

164
Q

what is Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning mean

A

consequences of a behavior influence the probability of the behaviors recurrence

165
Q

what does Carolyn Rover-Collier believe

A

demonstrated that infants can retain information from the experience of being conditioned

166
Q

what does attention mean

A

the focusing of mental resources on select information, improves cognitive processing on many tasks

167
Q

what does joint attention mean

A

process that occurs when (1) individuals focus on the same object and track each others behavior (e.g. following someones gaze), (2) one individual directs another’s attention and (3) reciprocal interaction takes place

168
Q

what are closely linked with attention

A

process of habituation and dishabituation

169
Q

what do joint attention problems as early as 8 months of age indicate

A

linked being diagnosed with autism by 7 years of age

170
Q

what benefit does joint attention bring to infant development

A
  • ability to learn from other people
  • better sustain attention
  • memory
  • self regulation
  • executive function
171
Q

according to Meltzoff are an infants imitative abilities hardwired responses

A

no, rather involve flexibility and adaptability

172
Q

what is deferred imitation

A

imitation that occurs after a time delay of hours or days
does not occur until about 18 months

173
Q

what is memory according to Meltzoffs study of infant development

A

involves the retention of information over time

174
Q

what does implicit memory mean

A

memory without conscious recollection- memories of skills and routines procedures that are performed automatically

175
Q

what does explicit memory mean

A

conscious memory of facts and experiences

176
Q

what is amnesia infantile or childhood amnesia

A

inability of human adults to remember episodic experiences that occurred during the first few years of life (generally 0-3 years) and the tendency to have sparse recollection of episodic experiences that occurred before age 8 to 9

177
Q

why does childhood amnesia occur

A

the prefrontal lobes of the brain are immature and the prefrontal is believed to play an important role in storing memories of events

178
Q

what do concepts mean

A

cognitive groups of similar objects, events, people, or ideas

179
Q

do infants have concepts

A

yes but don’t know how early concepts form
perceptual categorization as young as 3 months of age

180
Q

what does perceptual categorization mean

A

categorization based on similar
- size
- color
- movement
- parts of object
- legs for animals

181
Q

until what month do infants make conceptual conceptions

A

about 7 to 9 months of age

182
Q

what is language

A

form of communication-whether spoken, written, or signed-that is based on a system of symbols

183
Q

what does infinite generatively mean

A

the ability to produce and comprehend an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules set of words and rules

184
Q

what does crying in babies signal

A

distress

185
Q

what does cooing mean in babies

A

first coo at about 2 to 4 months
- gurgling sounds
- made in back of throat express pleasure during interaction

186
Q

what does babbling mean in babies

A

produce strings of consonant vowel combinations (“ba ba”)

187
Q

what does it mean when infants lack babbling noises

A

linked to a risk of having future speech and language problems

188
Q

what do gestures do infants make between 8 to 12 months

A

show and point

189
Q

what does it mean when infants do not point (and make gestures)

A

significant indicator of problems in the infants communication system

190
Q

at what age is a babies brain most open to learning the sounds of a native language

A
  • begins at 6 months with vowels
  • 9 months for consonants
191
Q

what did Richard Aslin emphasize

A

statistical learning- which involves no instruction, reinforcement, or feedback- is a powerful learning mechanism in infant development

192
Q

do infants understand words

A

infants understand words before they can produce or speak them
* e.g. as early as 5 months many recognize their name, first word isn’t until usually 10 to 15 months*

193
Q

what does receptive vocabulary mean

A

words the child understands

194
Q

what does spoken vocabulary mean

A

words the child uses

195
Q

what does vocabulary spurt mean

A

rapid increase in vocabulary that begins at approximately 18 months old (varies in age)

196
Q

what does infant vocabulary development at 16 to 24 months link to

A
  • vocabulary
  • phonological awareness
  • reading accuracy
    • reading comprehension five years later
197
Q

what are two word utterances between 18 to 24 months of age

A

two words used to convey meaning
- relies heavily on gesture
- tone
- context

198
Q

what is telegraphic speech

A

use of short precise words
without grammatical markers

199
Q

what is the typical language milestone at birth

A

crying

200
Q

what is the typical language milestone at 2 to 4 months

A

cooing

201
Q

what is the typical language milestone at 5 months

A

understands first words

202
Q

hat is the typical language milestone at 6 months

A

babbling begins

203
Q

what is the typical language milestone at 6 to 12 months

A

change from universal linguist to language specific listener

204
Q

what is the typical language milestone at 8 to 12 months

A

uses gestures
- showing
- pointing
- comprehension of words appears

205
Q

what is the typical language milestone at 13 months

A

first word spoken

206
Q

what is the typical language milestone at 18 months

A

vocabulary spurt starts

207
Q

what is the typical language milestone at 18 to 24 months

A

uses two-word utterances
rapid expansion of understanding of words

208
Q

what are the biological influences that promote the ability to speak and understand language

A
  • certain vocal apparatus
    • nervous system with specific capabilities
209
Q

what are the two regions in the brain involved with language

A

first discovered in studies of brain-damaged individuals
- broca’s area
- area in the left frontal lobe of the brain that is involved in producing words
- wernicke’s area
- region of the brains left hemisphere that is involved in language comprehension

210
Q

what is aphasia

A

loss or impairment of language processing

211
Q

what does damage to the Broca’s area produce

A

difficulty producing speech but can comprehend what others say

212
Q

what does damage to the Wernicke’s area do

A

poor comprehension and often produce fluent but nonsensical pseech

213
Q

what is language acquisition device (LAD) according to Linguist Noam Chomsky

A

biological endowment that enables the child to detect the various features and rules of language

214
Q

what environmental influences play a part in infant language learning

A

social cues

215
Q

what does child-directed speech mean

A

also called parantese, language spoken in a higher pitch, slower tempo, and with more exaggerated intonation than normal, with simple words and sentences

216
Q

what is the function of using child-directed speech

A
  • capturing the infants attention
  • maintaining communication
  • social interaction
217
Q

what does recasting mean

A

when an adult rephrases something the child has said that might lack the appropriate morphology or contain some other error

218
Q

what does labelling mean

A

naming objects that children seem interested in

219
Q

what are ways that parents can facilitate their children’s language development

A
  • be an active conversational partner
  • narrate your daily activities to the baby as you do them
  • talk in a slowed-down pace and don’t worry about how you sound to other adults when you talk to your baby
  • use parent-look and parent-gesture, and name what you are looking at
  • when you talk with infants and toddlers, be simple, concrete , and repetitive
  • play games
  • expand and elaborate language abilities and horizons with infants and toddlers
220
Q

does a childs experience influence language acquisition

A

yes, and has strong biological foundations

221
Q

what patterns do most developments follow

A

cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns

222
Q

what happens to growth in the first year

A

rapid in the first year but rate slows in the second year

223
Q

how many calories do infants need to consume per day for each pound they weigh

A

50 calories

224
Q

what does Chomsky argue

A

children are born with the ability to detect basic features and rules of language

225
Q

what does that cephalocaudal pattern mean

A

developmental sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top - the head- with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom

226
Q

what is the average American newborn length and weight

A
  • 20 inches long
  • weighs 7.6 lb
227
Q

how many inches do the babies grow per month during the first year

A

1 inch

228
Q

new born weight is …

A

episodic

229
Q

the brains development is

A
  • rapid and extensive growth during infancy and later on
230
Q

how many lobes does the brain have

A

four lobes

231
Q

is the pace of myelination constant

A

no, it varies

232
Q

what is the frontal lobe involved in

A
  • voluntary movement
  • thinking
  • personality
  • intentionality or purpose
233
Q

what is the occipital lobe involved in

A

vision

234
Q

what do the temporal lobes have an active role in

A
  • hearing
  • language processing
  • memory
235
Q

what does the parietal lobe have a role in

A
  • registering spatial location
  • attention
  • motor controls
236
Q

what happens when there is damage to the lobes

A
  • aphasia
  • language ability loss
237
Q

what benefit does sleep have

A
  • replenishes and rebuilds the brain and body
    • restorative function
    • clearing out waste in neural tissue
  • increases synaptic connections between neurons
238
Q

how much do typical newborns sleep

A

approximately 16 to 17 hours a day

239
Q

what type of infant sleep-related problems affect the 15 to 25% that do

A
  • night time waking
    • linked to separation distress, anxiety
240
Q

SIDS is likely in infants with;

A
  • heart arrhythmia
  • sleep apnea, low birth weight
  • who do not use a pacifier when they go to sleep
  • whose siblings have died of SIDS
  • lower socioeconomic groups
    passively exposed to cigarette smoke, maternal smoking
  • who share the same bed with parents or sleep on soft
241
Q

what happens to infants eating habits as motor skills improve

A
  • from using suck-and swallow to chew-and-swallow movements
    (can eat semisolid and then complex foods)
242
Q

what is the most common “vegetable” fed to 15 month olds

A

French fries

243
Q

what can severe protein malnutrition during infancy cause

A

attention deficits that persist to middle age from infancy

244
Q
A

nurs (14 decks)

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