Chapter 25 culture and society Cultural studies

Question 1

Author Cultural studies

Answer 1

Stuart Hall

Question 2

Tradition Cultural studies

Answer 2

Critical

Question 3

Communication context Cultural studies

Answer 3

Mass/media

Question 4

Approach to knowing(2) Cultural studies

Answer 4

Interpretive/hermeneutic + critical

Question 5

Overall theory Cultural studies

Answer 5

Media represent the ideology of the dominant class in society - media is controlled by the elite(corporations) the information presented is with profit in mind.

Encoding and decoding is highly cultural(symbols and meaning)

1. Culture pervades and invades all facets of human behavior - language – where you live, come from, income, level of education, political view influence how you think.
2. People are part of a hierarchical structure of power
   Culture is influenced by powerful dominant groups - the poor, people of color gender only absorb what is presented and the elite decide what to present

Question 6

Example - the american dream in medias

Answer 6

Everybody watch commercials an news from America, and thereby believe that you can become everything as long as you are in America. But the reality is something else. Poor stay poor and rich become more rich.

Question 7

Karl Marx

Answer 7

credited for identifying how powerful(the elite) exploit the powerless(working class)
capitalism=profit driven

Question 8

Powerless lead to Alienation

Answer 8

Perception that one have little control over his or her future.

Question 9

Frankfurt school theorists

Answer 9

scholars who believed media were more concerned with making money than presenting news.

Question 10

This theory is neo-marxist

Answer 10

limited embracement of Marxism.

Question 11

Cultural wars

Answer 11

strugles over meaning, identity and influence in a country with many cultures and social groups. Different views on what is important, what to change e.g. - struggle for power

Question 12

Example cultural war - vote

Answer 12

Today almost no poor people vote. 2014 - 80 procent didn’t. - they dont feel like having any power - just absorb what comes to them - dont care anymore. black and white - poor and rich etc. so big different between the two.

Question 13

For one interested in cultural studies, look at:

Answer 13

everyday activities of a population - how the ideology is maintained. - to understand dissemination of meaning in a culture.

Question 14

The medias affect

Answer 14

invade living space, shape taste, inform and persuade us on products and policies. intentional or unintentional

Question 15

Gramsci’s false consciousness Example of medias effect

Answer 15

Media creates a need in people to buy something to fullfil that need. Tend to begin to believe in the view of e.g. the perfect woman in commercials. = false conscioness – unaware of the domination in their lives. (Gramsci)

Question 16

Hegemony

Answer 16

domination of one group over another - usually weaker group -

Question 17

Hegenomy - theatre of struggle

Answer 17

Often more dominant groups and the weak are pushed in different directions to different cultural ideologies - researchers try to unveil this

Question 18

Counter-hegemony

Answer 18

When sometimes people use hegemonic behaviors to challenge the domination in their lives.

Question 19

example of counter-hegemony

Answer 19

People are not dumb and compliant. black and white - poor and rich, women rights etc. Individuals recognize their consent and try to do something about it

Question 20

audience decoding

Answer 20

No hegemonic or counter-hegemonic message can exist without and audiences ability to receive the message and compare it with meanings already stored in their minds.

Question 21

Audience decode message from three positions: Dominant hegemonic position

Answer 21

Operating within a code that allows one person to have control over another - media show a house and make people work after one even though its impossible.

Question 22

Audience decode message from three positions: Negotiated position

Answer 22

accepting dominant ideologies but allowing or cultural exceptions - law about all has to work, but need to stay home with children(can’t afford daycare)

Question 23

Audience decode message from three positions: Oppositional position

Answer 23

reject the medias indented meaning of message and replace it with their own thinking of the subject - the perfect women in commercials - reject and see a more realistic portray

Question 24

Critic Logical consistency

Answer 24

The audience - critical about counter-hegemonic - sometimes hard or impossible to give again and escape being poor obsessed eg.

Question 25

Critic - utility

Answer 25

can be useful to some extent. used about the cultural struggles of underprivileged - many subfield have emerged from this theory about gender gay etc.

Question 26

Critic heurism

Answer 26

Many of the principles have been used different places .

nike use counter-hegonomy - a skier - create rebellion - winning is not everything