Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Haematology > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

1
Q

Where do afferent lymphatics drain once entering the lymph node?

A

subcapsular sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does lymph from the subcapsular sinus reach the hilum of the lymph node?

A

medullary cords

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is found within the cortex of the lymph node?

A

nodules of B-cells either as primary follicles or germinal centres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is found wtihin the paracortex or deep cortex?

A

T cell dependent region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is found within the medulla of the lymph node?

A

medullary cords and sinuses which drain into the hilum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens to antigen bound to antibody entering thel ymph node?

A

trapped on the surface of dendritic reciulum cells by their Fc receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where are dendritic reticulum cells found in the lymph node?

A

primary follicles and germinal centrea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the structure of dendritic reticulum cells?

A

binucelate cells with long cytoplasmic processes linked by desmosomes forming a network throught the germinal centre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens to antigen trapped by DRCs?

A

presented to B cells with the help of T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the initial step in B cell transformation after antigenic challenge?

A

formation of the centroblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a centroblast?

A

rapidly developing cell responeible for exapnsion of the natigen-reactive B-cell clone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of the germinal centres?

A

generation of immunoglobulin-secreting plasma cells in response to antigenic challenge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

where are plasma cells mainly found within the lymph node?

A

medullary cords

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the rim of small,round lymphocytes surrounding the germinal centre called?

A

mantle zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are mantle zone B cells?

A

a population of post-germinal centre B cells which accumulate adjacent to the mantle zone during florid B cell reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What cluster of differentiation antigen is expressed by help T cells?

A

CD4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the specialised antigen-presenting cells found within the paracortex?

A

interdigitating reticulum cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where are medullary cords foudn within the medulla?

A

between the sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where are macrophages mainly foudn in the lymph nodes?

A

lining the sinuses to phagocytose debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is sinus histocytosis?

A

hyperplasia of the lining macrophages of the sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why are B cells which become Reed-Sternberg cells thought to come from the germinal centre ?

A

there is evidence of somatic hypermutation of the immunoglobulin genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is stage 1 Hodgkins disease?

A

involvement of a single lymph node region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is stage 2 Hodgkins disease?

A

involvement of two or more lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is stage 3 Hodgkins disease?

A

involvement of lymph node regions on both sides of hte diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is stage 4 hodgkins disease?

A

disseminated invovlement of one or more extra-lymphatic organs eg liver, lung and bone marrow with or without lymph node involvement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does the suffix B on the staging of Hodgkins disease indicate?

A

presence of B symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does the prefix X on the staging of Hodgkins indicate?

A

presence of bulky disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what does the prefix E on the staging of Hodgkins indicate?

A

involvement of a single extranodal site contiguous with or poriximal to a known nodal site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What blood abnormalties are seen with Hodgkins?

A

anaemia; lymphocytopenia; raised ESR and low albumin

30
Q

What is the difference between affected lymph nodes in Hodgkins and NHL?

A

in Hodgkins there is rarely breaching of the lymph node capsule

31
Q

What is the commonest subtype of Hodgkins?

A

nodular sclerosing

32
Q

Wat is seen on lymph node architecture with nodular sclerosing Hodgkins?

A

replaced by cellular nodules which are separated by bands of collagen

33
Q

What specific cell is seen with nodular sclerosing Hodgkins?

A

lacunar cell

34
Q

What is the sex ratio generally seen with Hodgkins?

A

male predominance

35
Q

What are solid tumours of the mononuclear phagocytic system called?

A

histiocytic lymphoma

36
Q

Waht nuclear antigen do precursor lymphoid neoplasms express?

A

terminal deoxynucleotidyl transgerase- TdT

37
Q

How is lymphoblastic lymphoma and leukaemia differentiated?

A

between number of lymphoblasts present in the bone marrow

38
Q

What chromosomal translocation is seen with Burkitt’s lymphoam?

A

c-myc gene at 8p24 into immunoglobulin heavy chain gene locus t(8;14)

39
Q

What infections are associated with burkitt’s lymphoma?

A

EBV and malaria

40
Q

What is classic appearnce of Burkitts lymphoma on histology?

A

starry sky

41
Q

Which areas of the world are T-cell lymphomas more common?

A

Japan and Caribbean

42
Q

What virus is implicated in T-cell lymphoma?

A

human T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV-1)

43
Q

What are the cutaneous T cell lymphomas?

A

mycosis fungiodes and sezary syndrome

44
Q

Where are Peyer’s patches found?

A

ileum

45
Q

What pharyngeal pouch does the thymus derive from?

A

3rd

46
Q

What germinal layer is the spleen derived from?

A

mesoderm

47
Q

What are the aggregates of lymphoid cells aroudn the central arteries and arterioles called?

A

white pulp

48
Q

What is foudn wtihin the per-arteriolar lymphoid sheath?

A

t cells

49
Q

What is produced in the white pulp?

A

antibodies

50
Q

What is found at the junction of red and white pulp, and surrounding the PALS and b-cell follicle?

A

marginal zone lymphocytes

51
Q

What is the function of the red pulp?

A

destruction of senescent red cells and phagocytosis of particulate material

52
Q

What is the dual circulation seen in the red pulp?

A

open-splenic cords and closed-sinusoids

53
Q

What is the removal of Howell-Jolly bodies known as?

A

pitting

54
Q

What are the usual post-hepatic causes of splenomegaly?

A

right-sided heart failure and pulmonary or tricuspid alve disease

55
Q

What are Gamna-Gandy nodules?

A

firm brown nodules of areas of healed infarction

56
Q

What is the difference between mycosis fungoides and sezary syndrome?

A

mycosis fungiodes initially confined to focal skin lesions whereas in sezary syndrome there is more general involvemtn incl. atylical cells in the blood

57
Q

What is typicall overexpressed in mantle cell lymphomas?

A

cyclin D1

58
Q

Waht are stipple cells assocaited with?

A

esp. thalassaemia; lead poisoning; megaloblastic anemia; myelodysplastic syndromes

59
Q

Who are siderotic granules seen in?

A

iron overload patients and hyposplenic

60
Q

What is a leukoerythroblastic film?

A

nucleated red cell precursors amd immature neutrohils presence in peripheral blood

61
Q

What staining is used to detect reticulocytes?

A

supravital staining

62
Q

What are Heinz bodies?

A

denatured Hb

63
Q

What are pencil cells seen in?

A

IDA

64
Q

When are target cells seen?

A

IDA; megaloblastic anaemia; haemoglobinopathy; liver disease; hyposplenism

65
Q

When are microspherocytes seen?

A

hereditary spherocytosis; immune haemolytic anaemia; burns

66
Q

When are tear-drop cells seen?

A

myelofibrosis; marrow infiltration

67
Q

When are schistocytes seen?

A

microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia

68
Q

Waht are causes of microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia?

A

haemolytic uraemic syndrome; DIC; TTP: physical traum to RBCs as forced through narrow or damaged ares in microvasculature

69
Q

When are howell-jolly bodies seen?

A

hyposplenism; megaloblastic anaemia

70
Q

When are Heinz bodies seen?

A

G6PD deficiency; hyposplenism; haemologobinopathies

Haematology (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions