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Haematology > Anaemia Intro > Flashcards

Anaemia Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What is anaemia defined as?

A

reduced total red cell mass

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2
Q

What is the normal response to anaemia?

A

reticulocytosis

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3
Q

How long does up regulation of reticulocyte production by the bone marrow in reponse to anaemia take?

A

a few days

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4
Q

What does polychromasia in reticulocytes result from?

A

residual RNA in the cell

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5
Q

What do automated machines measure?

A

Hb conc.; no. of RBCs; size of RBCs

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6
Q

What does the automated machines calculate?

A

haematocrit; mean cell haemoglobin and mean cell haemoglobin conc.

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7
Q

Waht is the purpose of calculating mean cell haemoglobin concentration?

A

mainly as a lab QC

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8
Q

What are the 2 causes of decreased production of RBCs?

A

hypoproliferative or maturation abnormality

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of maturation abnormality?

A

cytoplasmic or nuclear

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10
Q

What is seen with cytoplasmic defects?

A

impaired haemoglobinisation

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11
Q

Waht is seen with nuclear defects ?

A

impaired cell division

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12
Q

What are the causes of anaemia with a high reticulocyte count?

A

bleeding and haemolysis

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13
Q

What is the main difference between bleeding and haemolysis?

A

in haemolysis waste products are recycled

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14
Q

How can cytoplasmic and nuclear defects be distinguished?

A

mean cell volume

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15
Q

What type of defect is macrocytic?

A

maturation

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16
Q

What type of defect is microcytis?

A

haemoglobinisation

17
Q

Where does haemoglobin synthesis occur?

A

in the cytoplasm

18
Q

What is the main cause of hypochromic microcytic anaemia?

A

iron deficiency

19
Q

What are the causes of haem deficiency?

A

iron deficiency; anaemia of chronic disease

20
Q

What are the causes of problems with porphyrin synthesis?

A

lead poisoning; pyridoxine responsive anaemias

21
Q

What disease is associated with globin deficiency?

A

thalassaemia

22
Q

Why is iron potentially toxic?

A

generates free radicals

23
Q

Where is most of the iron in the body?

A

haemoglobin

24
Q

How is Hb loss calculated from blood loss?

A

half blood loss

25
Q

How is iron stored?

A

as ferritin mainly in the liver

26
Q

How are bone marrow macrophages invovled in iron metabolism?

A

feed it to red cell precursors

27
Q

What is circulating iron bound to?

A

transferrin

28
Q

How many bidning sites for iron atoms does transferrin have?

A

2

29
Q

What is the function of transferrin?

A

transports iron from donor tissues (macrophages; enterocytes and hepatocytes)to tissue expressing transferrin receptors

30
Q

What does % sat of transferring with iron measure?

A

iron supply

31
Q

What is heavy menstrual loss defined as?

A

> 60ml

32
Q

What is the average menstrual blood loss?

A

30-40ml/month

Haematology (29 decks)

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