Chapter 2-biochemistry- Carbohydrates, Lipids and Protein Flashcards
What are the exceptions of carbon which aren’t in organic compounds?
Hydrogen carbonates (HCO3-), carbonates (CO3^2-) and oxides of carbon (CO,CO2)
What do organic compounds contain?
Carbon
What are inorganic compounds made of?
All other compounds
Carbohydrates- what are they?
Are organic compounds consisting of one or more simple sugars that as monomers follow the general formula (CH2O)
Carbohydrates- Draw the example glucose and ribose
Glucose- C6H12O6
Ribose-C5H10O5
Carbohydrates- what is monosaccharide?
Any class of sugars (e.g glucose) that cannot be hydrated to give a simpler sugar
Carbohydrates- give 3 examples of monosaccharides?
Glucose, galactose, fructose
Carbohydrates- what does disaccharide mean?
Any class of sugars whose molecules contain a 2 monosaccharide residues.
Carbohydrates- give example of disaccharide
Lactose, maltose, sucrose
Carbohydrates- what is polysaccharide?
A carbohydrate whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecule bonded together
Carbohydrates- give examples of polysaccharides
Cellulose, glycogen and starch
Carbohydrates- what is the function of glucose in animals?
Source of energy which can be broken down to form ATP via cellular respiration
Carbohydrates- what is the function of lactose in animals?
A sugar found in the milk of mammals, provides energy for sucking infants
Carbohydrates- what is the function of glycogen in animals?
Used by animals for short term energy storage (between meals) in the liver
Carbohydrates- what is the function of fructose in plants?
Found in honey and onions, very sweet and good source of energy
Carbohydrates- what is the function of sucrose?
Used primarily as a transportable energy form (e.g sugar beets and sugar canes)
Carbohydrates- what is the function of cellulose?
Used by plant cells as a strengthening component of the cell wall
Carbohydrates- when does condensation (dehydration) reactions occur?
When molecules are covalently joined together and water is formed as a by- product
In carbohydrates what is the bond that is formed via condensation reactions called?
Glycoside linkage
What is a condensation reaction?
Is hydrolysis re reaction which requires a water molecule to break a covalent bond between 2 sub units
Carbohydrates- When a single monomer joins what is it called?
Disaccharide
Carbohydrates- when a sugar contains multiple subunits (more than 10) what are they called?
Polysaccharide
Draw condensation reaction matey
Do it Martha.
Lipids- what are they?
Group of organic molecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in non- polar solvents
What are 3 examples of lipids?
Triglycerides (fats and oils), phospholipids, steroids
Lipids- what does saturated mean?
No double bond
What does unsaturated mean?
Double bond
Draw the general structure of a lipid, a saturated lipid and a unsaturated lipid
Do it Martha.
Lipids- what does condensation reaction occur between?
3 hydroxyl groups of glycerol and the carboxyl groups of 3 fatty acids.
Lipids- what does the condensation reaction form?
Forms a triglyceride bond ( and 3 molecules of water)
Lipids- what is the kind of linkage between the glycerol And the fatty acids?
Ester linkage
Lipids- when one of the fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate group what is formed?
Phospholipid
Lipids-What will hydrolysis reactions do in the presence of water?
Break these molecules down to their subunits
Lipids- glycerol + fatty acids = ?
Triglyceride
Draw the formation of triglyceride
Do it
Functions of lipids- SHIPS what does it stand for?
S- structure H- hormonal signalling I- insulation P- protections S- storage of energy
Lipids- what is a main component of lipids cell membrane?
Phospholipid biolayer are main component of cell membrane
Lipids- what is hormonal signalling involved in and what lipid is involved in it?
Steroids are involved in hormonal signalling (e.g progesterone, testosterone, oestrogen)
Lipids- what can serve as insulation in animals?
Fats in animals can serve as heat insulators while sphingolipids in the myelin sheath (of Neurones) can serve as electrical insulators
Lipids- what is protection and what is an example of protection?
Triglycerides may form a tissue later around many key internal organs and provide protection against physical injury
Lipids- what is storage of energy?
Triglycerides can be used as long term energy storage source
What are the similarities of carbohydrates and lipids in energy storage?
- complex carbohydrates (e.g polysaccharide) and lipids both contain a lot of chemical energy that can be used for energy storage.
- complex carbohydrates and lipids are both insoluble in water- not easily transported
- carbohydrates and lipids both burn cleaner than proteins (do not yield nitrogen wastage)
What are the differences in carbohydrates and lipids in energy storage?
- lipid molecules contain more energy per gram than carbohydrates
- carbohydrates are more readily digested than lipids and release there energy quicker
- monosaccharides and disaccharides are water soluble and easier to transport to and from sites than lipids
- animals tend to use carbohydrates for short term energy storage while lipids are used for more long-term energy storage.
- carbohydrates Are stored as glycogen in animals while lipids are stored as fats
- carbohydrates stored as cellulose and lipids as proteins
- lipids have less effect on osmotic pressure which a cell than complete carbohydrate.
- lipid molecules contain more energy per gram than carbohydrates
- carbohydrates are more readily digested than lipids and release there energy quicker
- monosaccharides and disaccharides are water soluble and easier to transport to and from sites than lipids
- animals tend to use carbohydrates for short term energy storage while lipids are used for more long-term energy storage.
- carbohydrates Are stored as glycogen in animals while lipids are stored as fats
- carbohydrates stored as cellulose and lipids as proteins
- lipids have less effect on osmotic pressure which a cell than complete carbohydrate.
What are proteins?
Large, organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in linear chain
How is a protein defined?
Sequence of amino acids is defined by a gene and encodes in the genetic code
Draw the generalised structure of an amino acid
Do it do it
Protein- where does condensation reaction occur?
Between the amino group (NH2) of one amino acid and the carboxylic acid group (COOH) of another amino acid
Proteins- what does condensation reaction form?
A dipeptide (plus a molecule of water) that is held together by a peptide bond
Protein- when multiple amino acids join what can be formed?
A polypeptide chain
Protein- in the presence of water what can happen to polypeptides and by what reaction?
Polypeptide can be broken down into individual amino acids via hydrolysis reaction
Draw the formation of a dipeptide
Do it.
