Chapter 2-biochemistry- Carbohydrates, Lipids and Protein

Question 0

What are the exceptions of carbon which aren’t in organic compounds?

Answer 0

Hydrogen carbonates (HCO3-), carbonates (CO3^2-) and oxides of carbon (CO,CO2)

Question 1

What do organic compounds contain?

Answer 1

Carbon

Question 2

What are inorganic compounds made of?

Answer 2

All other compounds

Question 3

Carbohydrates- what are they?

Answer 3

Are organic compounds consisting of one or more simple sugars that as monomers follow the general formula (CH2O)

Question 4

Carbohydrates- Draw the example glucose and ribose

Answer 4

Glucose- C6H12O6

Ribose-C5H10O5

Question 5

Carbohydrates- what is monosaccharide?

Answer 5

Any class of sugars (e.g glucose) that cannot be hydrated to give a simpler sugar

Question 6

Carbohydrates- give 3 examples of monosaccharides?

Answer 6

Glucose, galactose, fructose

Question 7

Carbohydrates- what does disaccharide mean?

Answer 7

Any class of sugars whose molecules contain a 2 monosaccharide residues.

Question 8

Carbohydrates- give example of disaccharide

Answer 8

Lactose, maltose, sucrose

Question 9

Carbohydrates- what is polysaccharide?

Answer 9

A carbohydrate whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecule bonded together

Question 10

Carbohydrates- give examples of polysaccharides

Answer 10

Cellulose, glycogen and starch

Question 11

Carbohydrates- what is the function of glucose in animals?

Answer 11

Source of energy which can be broken down to form ATP via cellular respiration

Question 12

Carbohydrates- what is the function of lactose in animals?

Answer 12

A sugar found in the milk of mammals, provides energy for sucking infants

Question 13

Carbohydrates- what is the function of glycogen in animals?

Answer 13

Used by animals for short term energy storage (between meals) in the liver

Question 14

Carbohydrates- what is the function of fructose in plants?

Answer 14

Found in honey and onions, very sweet and good source of energy

Question 15

Carbohydrates- what is the function of sucrose?

Answer 15

Used primarily as a transportable energy form (e.g sugar beets and sugar canes)

Question 16

Carbohydrates- what is the function of cellulose?

Answer 16

Used by plant cells as a strengthening component of the cell wall

Question 17

Carbohydrates- when does condensation (dehydration) reactions occur?

Answer 17

When molecules are covalently joined together and water is formed as a by- product

Question 18

In carbohydrates what is the bond that is formed via condensation reactions called?

Answer 18

Glycoside linkage

Question 19

What is a condensation reaction?

Answer 19

Is hydrolysis re reaction which requires a water molecule to break a covalent bond between 2 sub units

Question 20

Carbohydrates- When a single monomer joins what is it called?

Answer 20

Disaccharide

Question 21

Carbohydrates- when a sugar contains multiple subunits (more than 10) what are they called?

Answer 21

Polysaccharide

Question 22

Draw condensation reaction matey

Answer 22

Do it Martha.

Question 23

Lipids- what are they?

Answer 23

Group of organic molecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in non- polar solvents

Question 24

What are 3 examples of lipids?

Answer 24

Triglycerides (fats and oils), phospholipids, steroids

Question 25

Lipids- what does saturated mean?

Answer 25

No double bond

Question 26

What does unsaturated mean?

Answer 26

Double bond

Question 27

Draw the general structure of a lipid, a saturated lipid and a unsaturated lipid

Answer 27

Do it Martha.

Question 28

Lipids- what does condensation reaction occur between?

Answer 28

3 hydroxyl groups of glycerol and the carboxyl groups of 3 fatty acids.

Question 29

Lipids- what does the condensation reaction form?

Answer 29

Forms a triglyceride bond ( and 3 molecules of water)

Question 30

Lipids- what is the kind of linkage between the glycerol And the fatty acids?

Answer 30

Ester linkage

Question 31

Lipids- when one of the fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate group what is formed?

Answer 31

Phospholipid

Question 32

Lipids-What will hydrolysis reactions do in the presence of water?

Answer 32

Break these molecules down to their subunits

Question 33

Lipids- glycerol + fatty acids = ?

Answer 33

Triglyceride

Question 34

Draw the formation of triglyceride

Answer 34

Do it

Question 35

Functions of lipids- SHIPS what does it stand for?

Answer 35

``` S- structure H- hormonal signalling I- insulation P- protections S- storage of energy ```

Question 36

Lipids- what is a main component of lipids cell membrane?

Answer 36

Phospholipid biolayer are main component of cell membrane

Question 37

Lipids- what is hormonal signalling involved in and what lipid is involved in it?

Answer 37

Steroids are involved in hormonal signalling (e.g progesterone, testosterone, oestrogen)

Question 38

Lipids- what can serve as insulation in animals?

Answer 38

Fats in animals can serve as heat insulators while sphingolipids in the myelin sheath (of Neurones) can serve as electrical insulators

Question 39

Lipids- what is protection and what is an example of protection?

Answer 39

Triglycerides may form a tissue later around many key internal organs and provide protection against physical injury

Question 40

Lipids- what is storage of energy?

Answer 40

Triglycerides can be used as long term energy storage source

Question 41

What are the similarities of carbohydrates and lipids in energy storage?

Answer 41

- complex carbohydrates (e.g polysaccharide) and lipids both contain a lot of chemical energy that can be used for energy storage. - complex carbohydrates and lipids are both insoluble in water- not easily transported - carbohydrates and lipids both burn cleaner than proteins (do not yield nitrogen wastage)

Question 42

What are the differences in carbohydrates and lipids in energy storage? - lipid molecules contain more energy per gram than carbohydrates - carbohydrates are more readily digested than lipids and release there energy quicker - monosaccharides and disaccharides are water soluble and easier to transport to and from sites than lipids - animals tend to use carbohydrates for short term energy storage while lipids are used for more long-term energy storage. - carbohydrates Are stored as glycogen in animals while lipids are stored as fats - carbohydrates stored as cellulose and lipids as proteins - lipids have less effect on osmotic pressure which a cell than complete carbohydrate.

Answer 42

- lipid molecules contain more energy per gram than carbohydrates - carbohydrates are more readily digested than lipids and release there energy quicker - monosaccharides and disaccharides are water soluble and easier to transport to and from sites than lipids - animals tend to use carbohydrates for short term energy storage while lipids are used for more long-term energy storage. - carbohydrates Are stored as glycogen in animals while lipids are stored as fats - carbohydrates stored as cellulose and lipids as proteins - lipids have less effect on osmotic pressure which a cell than complete carbohydrate.

Question 43

What are proteins?

Answer 43

Large, organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in linear chain

Question 44

How is a protein defined?

Answer 44

Sequence of amino acids is defined by a gene and encodes in the genetic code

Question 45

Draw the generalised structure of an amino acid

Answer 45

Do it do it

Question 46

Protein- where does condensation reaction occur?

Answer 46

Between the amino group (NH2) of one amino acid and the carboxylic acid group (COOH) of another amino acid

Question 47

Proteins- what does condensation reaction form?

Answer 47

A dipeptide (plus a molecule of water) that is held together by a peptide bond

Question 48

Protein- when multiple amino acids join what can be formed?

Answer 48

A polypeptide chain

Question 49

Protein- in the presence of water what can happen to polypeptides and by what reaction?

Answer 49

Polypeptide can be broken down into individual amino acids via hydrolysis reaction

Question 50

Draw the formation of a dipeptide

Answer 50

Do it.