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Criminal Justice 104 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different type of crimes?

A
  1. Violent Crimes
  2. Property Crimes
  3. Public Order Crimes
  4. White-Collar Crimes
  5. Organized Crimes
  6. High-Tech Crimes
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2
Q

What type of crimes are violent crimes?

A
  1. murder
  2. sexual assault
  3. assault
  4. battery
  5. robbery
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3
Q

What type of crimes are property crimes?

A
  1. larceny

2. burglary

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4
Q

What is murder?

A

the unlawful killing of one human being by another

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5
Q

What is sexual assault?

A

rape, coerced actions of a sexual nature against an unwilling participate

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6
Q

What the difference between assault and battery?

A

Assault are threats that intentionally leads another to believe that he or she will be physically harmed.
Battery is one person physically attacking another.

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7
Q

What is the difference between robbery, larceny, and burglary?

A

Robbery is taking something of value from a person by using force or fear.
Larceny is taking something without the use of force and intention to keep it.
Burglary is the act of breaking into or entering a structure without permission.

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8
Q

What type of crime is a crime against persons?

A

Violent crimes

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9
Q

What type of crime is a crime in which you gain some form of economic gain or the damaging or property?

A

Property Crime

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10
Q

What is public order crime?

A

behavior that has been labeled criminal, because it’s contrary to shared social values, customs, and norms

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11
Q

What is white collar crime?

A

nonviolent crimes committed by business entities or individuals to gain a personal or business advantage

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12
Q

What type of crime is business related crime?

A

white collar crime

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13
Q

What is organized crime?

A

illegal acts carried out by illegal organizations engaged in the market for illegal goods or services, such as illicit drugs or firearms

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14
Q

What type of crime is also know as cyber crime?

A

high-tech crime

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15
Q

what is the uniform crime report?

A

an annual report compiled by the FBI to give an indication of criminal activity in the U.S

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16
Q

The UCR bases it’s measurements on?

A
  1. the number of persons arrested
  2. number of crimes reported by victims, witnesses, or the police themselves
  3. number of law enforcement officers
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17
Q

Once the FBI has collected all local reports, they present crime data in which two different ways?

A
  1. as a rate

2. as a percentage

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18
Q

What is the difference between Part I and Part II offenses as defined by the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)?

A

Part I offenses include the most violent crimes and several property crimes.
Part II offenses include all other crimes recorded in the UCR. The generally cover less serious crimes and constitute the majority of crimes committed

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19
Q

Distinguish the difference between the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) and self reported surveys.

A

The NCVS involves an annual survey of more than 40,000 households conducted by the Bureau of the Census along with the Bureau of Justice Statistics. The survey queries citizens on crimes not necessarily reported to police.

Self-reported surveys, in contrast, ask individuals about criminal activity to which they may have been a party.

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20
Q

To produce its annual _________ _______ ________, the FBI relies on the cooperation of local law enforcement agencies.

A

Uniform Crime Report

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21
Q

_________ surveys relu on those who have been the subject of criminal activity to discuss the incidents with researchers .

A

victim

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22
Q

_______-______ surveys ask participants to detail their own criminal behavior .

A

self–reported

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23
Q

Both methods show that the ________ _______ of crime, or the actual amount of crime that takes place in this country, is much ________ than official crime data would suggest.

A

dark figure

larger

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24
Q

According to many experts, the three factors that most strongly affect national crime figures are the rate at which offenders are _________, the percentage of the population that is ______ the age of twenty-four, and the economy.

A

imprisoned/incarcerated

under

25
Q

Despite continued declining crime rates in the 2000’s, young ________ ________ males continue to experience high levels of offending and victimization.

A

african-american

26
Q

Due to _________ law offenses, Hispanics are now the fastest-growing minority group in federal prisons.

A

immigration

27
Q

Discuss the prevailing explanation for the rising number of women incarcerated in the United States.

A

Experts believe that many women are arrested and given harsh punishment for activity that would not have put them behind bars several decades ago. For the most part, this activity is nonviolent ; the majority of female arrestees are involved in drug- and alcohol-related offenses and property crimes.

28
Q

What are the three “usual suspects” of rate variation and why?

A
  1. Imprisonment, because an offender in prison or jail is unable to commit a crime or someone eon the street will be too afraid to commit crimes for fear of being locked up.
  2. Youth populations, because offenders commit fewer crimes as they grow older
  3. Economy, because the worst the economy the more crime.
29
Q

What is the difference between correlation and causation?

A

Correlation is the relationship between two measurements or behaviors that tend to move in the same direction.

Causation is the relationship in which a change in one measurement or behavior creates a recognizable change in another measurement or behavior.

30
Q

What is an explanation of a happening or circumstance that’s based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning.

A

Theory

31
Q

Discuss the difference between a hypothesis and a theory in the context of criminology.

A

A hypothesis is a proposition, usually presented in an “if…., then….” format, that can be tested by researches. If enough different authorities are able to test and verify a hypothesis, it will usually be accepted as a theory. Because theories can offer explanations for behavior, criminologists often rely on them when trying to determine the causes of criminal behavior.

32
Q

List and briefly explain two important branches of social process theory.

A
  1. Learning theory, which contends that people learn to be criminals from their family and peers
  2. Control theory, which holds that most of us are dissuaded from a life of crime because we place importance on the opinions of family and peers.
33
Q

What is Rational Choice theory?

A

Where a criminal weighs the possible benefits of doing crime against the costs of being apprehended

34
Q

What is the study of organisms, including their structure, function, growth, and origin?

A

biology

35
Q

What is the scientific study of mental processes and behavior?

A

psychology

36
Q

What is a Hormone?

A

a chemical substance, produced in tissue and conveyed in the bloodstream that controls certain cellular and body functions such as growth and reproduction

37
Q

What is testosterones’ function?

A

a hormone that produces sperm and the development of male secondary sex characteristics

38
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

a chemical that transmits nerve cells and from nerve cells t the brain

39
Q

Criminologists have isolated what three neurotransmitters that seem to be particularly related to aggressive behaviors.

A
  1. serotonin
  2. norepinephrine
  3. dopamine
40
Q

what hormone deals with pleasure and reward?

A

dopamine

41
Q

what hormone deals with mood, appetite, and memory?

A

serotonin

42
Q

what hormone deals with anxiety, fear, and stress?

A

norepinephrine

43
Q

what do trait theory and public policy say about the justice system?

A

They want to take nonviolent criminals out of overburdened prisons/jails. They provide the basis for the insanity defense in criminal trails

44
Q

What is Social Disorganization theory?

A

the theory that deviant behavior is more likely in communities where social institutes (family, schools, etc) fail to hold power over anything.

45
Q

What is the Strain theory?

A

theory that states people get frustrated when they cannot reach their goals by legitimate means

46
Q

what is a condition of breakdown of absence of social norms?

A

anomie

47
Q

What is the difference between social conflict theories, and social process theories?

A

Social Conflict Theories, is caused by conflict of classes.

Social Process Theories, believes crime is predicable based on a persons’ interaction with their environment

48
Q

What are the two major branches of the Social Process Theory?

A
  1. learning theory

2. control theory

49
Q

What is control theory?

A

theory that everyone has the capacity to do crime, but controls themselves because they fear persecution

50
Q

What is learning theory?

A

theory stating that people must be taught how to participate in illegal activity

51
Q

________ _______ theory holds that criminals make a deliberate decision to commit a crime after weighing the possible rewards and punishments of the act.

A

rational choice

52
Q

______ _______ theory focuses on unfavorable neighborhood conditions, while ______ ______ theories of criminal behavior address the influence of friends and family.

A

social disorganization

social process

53
Q

Supporters of ________ course theories of crime believe that stealing, bullying, and other conduct problems that occur during _________ can, in some instances, predict adult offending.

A

life

childhood

54
Q

________ is the study of the relationship between victims and offenders in the criminal justice system.

A

victimology

55
Q

Drug _______ is defined as the use of any drug that causes harm to the user or a third party.

A

abuse

56
Q

People who are ______ , meaning that they desire the drug long after use has stopped, need greater amounts of the drug to stimulate a neurotransmitter in the brain called ________.

A

addicted

dopamine

57
Q

Harms associated with the abuse of ________ drugs , which require a physician’s permission, and _______ drugs, which mimic the effects of substances such as marijuana and cocaine, have increased in recent years.

A

prescription

synthetic

58
Q

Explain the theory of the chronic offender and its importance for the criminal justice system.

A

A chronic offender is a juvenile or adult who commits multiple offenses.
According to research conducted by Marvin Wolfgang and others in the 1970’s, chronic offenders are responsible for a disproportionately large percentage of all crime.

In the decades since, law enforcement agencies and public prosecutors have developed strategies to identify and convict chronic offenders with the goal of lessening overall crime rates.
In addition, legislators have passed laws that provide longer sentences for chronic offenders in an attempt to keep them off the streets.

59
Q

Discuss the connection between learning theory and the start of an individual’s drug use.

A

One criminologist believes that first-time illegal drug users go through a “learning process” in taking up the habit. That is, more experienced users teach them the techniques of drug use, the pleasurable aspects of drug use,, and the social experience of drug use.

Criminal Justice 104 (34 decks)

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