Chapter 11 notes pt. 1

Question 1

the prisons of the 18th century England were known as “___________” after London’s Bridewell Palace

Answer 1

bridewells

Question 2

the prisons of the 18th century England were known as “bridewells” after London’s _________ ______

Answer 2

Bridewell Palace

Question 3

18th century England were mainly used to hold _______ or those awaiting _____, __________, or _________ from the community

Answer 3

debtors
trial
execution
banishment

Question 4

an early form of correctional facility that emphasized separating inmates from society and from each other

Answer 4

penitentary

Question 5

the country’s first penitentary was in a wing of Philadelphia’s ________ ______ Jail in 1970

Answer 5

Walnut Street

Question 6

the country’s first penitentary was in a wing of ___________ Walnut Street Jail in _____

Answer 6

Philadelphia’s

1970

Question 7

eventually the penitentary at Walnut Street succumed to the same problems that contunue to plague institutions of confinement: ___________ and _________ ______

Answer 7

overcrowding

excessive costs

Question 8

What are the two types of (jail) systems that developed in the 1970’s?

Answer 8

1. The Pennsylvania System

2. The New York System

Question 9

a 19th century confinement penitantiary system in which inmates were kept separate from one another at all times, with daily activities taking place in individual cells

Answer 9

separate confinement

Question 10

which system (of jail) focuses on separate confinement?

Answer 10

The Pennsylvania System

Question 11

In the Pennsylvania System the inmates only contact with other human beings came in the form of religious instructions from a visiting __________ or _______ _______

Answer 11

clergyman

prison official

Question 12

a 19th century penitentary system in whcih inmates were kepy in separate cells during the night but worked together in the daytime under a code of enforced silence

Answer 12

congrete system

Question 13

which system (of jail) focuses on congrete system?

Answer 13

The New York System

Question 14

The congrete system is also known as the _______ system

Answer 14

Auburn

Question 15

Which of the type systems (of jail) was more popular?

Answer 15

The New York System

Question 16

A majority of prisons built in the U.S. (in the 1800’s) followed which system (of jail)?

Answer 16

The New York System

Question 17

The New York System was better positioned to exploit _______ ______ in the early years of widespread factory production.

Answer 17

prison labor

Question 18

The Elmira model was put into practice at ___ _____ ______ _________ in 1876.

Answer 18

New York’s Elmira Reformatory

Question 19

The ______ _____ was put into practice at New York’s Elmira Reformatory in 1876.

Answer 19

Elmira model

Question 20

Under the Elmira good behaviror was rewarded by ______ ________ and misbehavior was punished with __________ _____.

Answer 20

early release

extended time

Question 21

The Elmira model was created by _________

Answer 21

progressives

Question 22

The _____ model was created by progressives

Answer 22

Elmira

Question 23

progressives belived that crimina behavior was caused by _____, ________, and________ factors and therefore, a corrections system should have a goal of ___________, not punishment.

Answer 23

social
economic
biological
treatment

Question 24

a model of corrections in which the psychological and biological roots of an inmate’s criminal behavior are identified and treated

Answer 24

medical model

Question 25

the _______ model is under the Elmira model

Answer 25

medical

Question 26

the medical model is under the _____ model

Answer 26

Elmira

Question 27

progressives were largely responsible for the spread of __________ _________, _________ ________, _________, and ________

Answer 27

interdeterminate sentences
interdeterminate sanctions
probation
parole

Question 28

crime rose sharply in the early _______, this trend led many criminologists and politicians to champion “____ ______” measures to deal with criminals they now considered “________”

Answer 28

1970’s
“get tough”
“incurable”

Question 29

I the early 1800s, Pennsylvania’s ___________ confinement strategy and New York’s ________ system were the two dominant methods of managing prisons in the United States.

Answer 29

separate

congregate

Question 30

Both systems of prison were based on ________ and labor but New York’s system proved more popular because its institutions were _________ to construct and exploited the demand for prison _________.

Answer 30

silence
cheaper
labor

Question 31

In the second half of the century, the progressive movement rejected both systems and introduced the ______ model for prisons, which focused on rehabilitation rather than punishment.

Answer 31

medical

Question 32

Contrast the Pennsylvania and the New York penitentiary theories of the 1800s.

Answer 32

Basically , the Pennsylvania system imposed total silence on its prisoners. Based on the concept of separate confinement, penitentiaries were constructed with back-to-back cells facing both outward and inward. Prisoners worked, slept, and ate alone in their cells.
In contrast, New York used the congregate systems: silence was imposed, but inmates worked and ate together.

Question 33

the number of Americans in prison or jail has more than tripled since ______

Answer 33

1985

Question 34

much of the growth in the number of Americans behind bars can be attributed to the ___________ and stricter enforcement of the nation’s _____ laws

Answer 34

enhancement

drug

Question 35

more people are in jail for _____ offenses.

Answer 35

drug

Question 36

what are reasons for the growth in incarcerated populations?

Answer 36

1. increased probability of incarceration
2. inmates serving more time for each crime
3. federal prison growth
4. rising incarceration rates of women

Question 37

decarceration relies on what three strategies?

Answer 37

1. decreasing the probability that nonviolent offenders will be sentenced to prison
2. increasing the rate of release of nonviolent offenders from prison
3. decreasing the rate of imprisonment for probation and parole violators

Question 38

Of all the factors in the growth of the prison population in the last several decades, stricter enforcement of the nation’s _________ laws has had the greatest impact.

Answer 38

drug

Question 39

other factors contributing to this growth include (1) increased probablity of ________, (2) increased _________ of time served in prison, (3) the growth of the ________ prison system, and (4) rising incarceration rates of _______.

Answer 39

incarceration/imprisonment
length
federal
women

Question 40

List the factors that have caused the prison population to grow dramtically in the last sereral decades.

Answer 40

1. the enchancement and stricter enforcement of the nation’s drug laws
2. increased probablity of incarceration
3. inmates serving more time for each crime
4. federal prison growth
5. rising incarceration rates for women