Chapter 11 notes pt. 1 Flashcards
the prisons of the 18th century England were known as “___________” after London’s Bridewell Palace
bridewells
the prisons of the 18th century England were known as “bridewells” after London’s _________ ______
Bridewell Palace
18th century England were mainly used to hold _______ or those awaiting _____, __________, or _________ from the community
debtors
trial
execution
banishment
an early form of correctional facility that emphasized separating inmates from society and from each other
penitentary
the country’s first penitentary was in a wing of Philadelphia’s ________ ______ Jail in 1970
Walnut Street
the country’s first penitentary was in a wing of ___________ Walnut Street Jail in _____
Philadelphia’s
1970
eventually the penitentary at Walnut Street succumed to the same problems that contunue to plague institutions of confinement: ___________ and _________ ______
overcrowding
excessive costs
What are the two types of (jail) systems that developed in the 1970’s?
- The Pennsylvania System
2. The New York System
a 19th century confinement penitantiary system in which inmates were kept separate from one another at all times, with daily activities taking place in individual cells
separate confinement
which system (of jail) focuses on separate confinement?
The Pennsylvania System
In the Pennsylvania System the inmates only contact with other human beings came in the form of religious instructions from a visiting __________ or _______ _______
clergyman
prison official
a 19th century penitentary system in whcih inmates were kepy in separate cells during the night but worked together in the daytime under a code of enforced silence
congrete system
which system (of jail) focuses on congrete system?
The New York System
The congrete system is also known as the _______ system
Auburn
Which of the type systems (of jail) was more popular?
The New York System
A majority of prisons built in the U.S. (in the 1800’s) followed which system (of jail)?
The New York System
The New York System was better positioned to exploit _______ ______ in the early years of widespread factory production.
prison labor
The Elmira model was put into practice at ___ _____ ______ _________ in 1876.
New York’s Elmira Reformatory
The ______ _____ was put into practice at New York’s Elmira Reformatory in 1876.
Elmira model
Under the Elmira good behaviror was rewarded by ______ ________ and misbehavior was punished with __________ _____.
early release
extended time
The Elmira model was created by _________
progressives
The _____ model was created by progressives
Elmira
progressives belived that crimina behavior was caused by _____, ________, and________ factors and therefore, a corrections system should have a goal of ___________, not punishment.
social
economic
biological
treatment
a model of corrections in which the psychological and biological roots of an inmate’s criminal behavior are identified and treated
medical model
the _______ model is under the Elmira model
medical
the medical model is under the _____ model
Elmira
progressives were largely responsible for the spread of __________ _________, _________ ________, _________, and ________
interdeterminate sentences
interdeterminate sanctions
probation
parole
crime rose sharply in the early _______, this trend led many criminologists and politicians to champion “____ ______” measures to deal with criminals they now considered “________”
1970’s
“get tough”
“incurable”
I the early 1800s, Pennsylvania’s ___________ confinement strategy and New York’s ________ system were the two dominant methods of managing prisons in the United States.
separate
congregate
Both systems of prison were based on ________ and labor but New York’s system proved more popular because its institutions were _________ to construct and exploited the demand for prison _________.
silence
cheaper
labor
In the second half of the century, the progressive movement rejected both systems and introduced the ______ model for prisons, which focused on rehabilitation rather than punishment.
medical
Contrast the Pennsylvania and the New York penitentiary theories of the 1800s.
Basically , the Pennsylvania system imposed total silence on its prisoners. Based on the concept of separate confinement, penitentiaries were constructed with back-to-back cells facing both outward and inward. Prisoners worked, slept, and ate alone in their cells.
In contrast, New York used the congregate systems: silence was imposed, but inmates worked and ate together.
the number of Americans in prison or jail has more than tripled since ______
1985
much of the growth in the number of Americans behind bars can be attributed to the ___________ and stricter enforcement of the nation’s _____ laws
enhancement
drug
more people are in jail for _____ offenses.
drug
what are reasons for the growth in incarcerated populations?
- increased probability of incarceration
- inmates serving more time for each crime
- federal prison growth
- rising incarceration rates of women
decarceration relies on what three strategies?
- decreasing the probability that nonviolent offenders will be sentenced to prison
- increasing the rate of release of nonviolent offenders from prison
- decreasing the rate of imprisonment for probation and parole violators
Of all the factors in the growth of the prison population in the last several decades, stricter enforcement of the nation’s _________ laws has had the greatest impact.
drug
other factors contributing to this growth include (1) increased probablity of ________, (2) increased _________ of time served in prison, (3) the growth of the ________ prison system, and (4) rising incarceration rates of _______.
incarceration/imprisonment
length
federal
women
List the factors that have caused the prison population to grow dramtically in the last sereral decades.
- the enchancement and stricter enforcement of the nation’s drug laws
- increased probablity of incarceration
- inmates serving more time for each crime
- federal prison growth
- rising incarceration rates for women
