Chapter 12 notes pt. 1

Question 1

an institution, such as prison, that provides all of the necessities for existence to those who live within its boundaries

Answer 1

total institutions

Question 2

the socialization process through which a new inmate learns the accepted norms and values of the prison culture

Answer 2

prisonization

Question 3

in studying prisonization, criminologists have focused on what two areas?

Answer 3

1. how prisoners change their behavior to adapt to life behind bars
2. how life behind bars has changed because of inmate behavior

Question 4

List several patterns of inmate behavior.

Answer 4

1. professional criminals adapt to prison by “doing time”
2. some convicts, mostly state-raised youths or those incarcerated in juvenile detention centers, are more comfortable inside prison than outside
3. other inmates take advantage of prison resources by “gleaning”, improving themselves for rehabilitation
4. “disorganized” criminals exist on the fringes of prison society

Question 5

an inmate who is “_______ _____” generally does not present the same security risk as one who is “jailing”

Answer 5

doing time

Question 6

an inmate who is “doing time” generally does not present the same security risk as one who is “_______”

Answer 6

jailing

Question 7

a prisoner today is much more likely to have been incarceated on a _____ charge or ___________ violation than was the case in the 1980’s.

Answer 7

drug

immigration

Question 8

_____ ______ is the cause of 9 out of 10 deaths of inmates in state prisons, with______ ________ and ______ accounting for nearly half of these facilites

Answer 8

poor health
heart disease
cancer

Question 9

nationwide, _____% of jail inmates and ____% of state, prisoners suffer from some form of mental illness.

Answer 9

60%

56%

Question 10

organized activites for inmates that are designed to improve their physical and mental health, provide them with vocational skills, or simply keep them busy while incarcerated

Answer 10

prison programs

Question 11

the primary goal of rehabilitation programs, from an administrative standpoint, is to reduce ________

Answer 11

recidivism

Question 12

prison systems are often forced to limit their___________, ___________, and _________ programs

Answer 12

vocational
educational
treatment

Question 13

list several reasons for violent behavior.

Answer 13

1. it provides a deterent against being victimized, as a reputation for violence may elimated an inmate as a target of assault
2. it enhances self-image in an environment that does not respect other attributes, such as intelligence
3. in the case of rape, it gives sexual relief
4. it serves as a means of acquiring material goods through extortion or outright robbery

Question 14

a theory that inmate aggression is the result of the frustration inmates feel at being deprived of freedom, consumer goods, sex, and other staples of life outside the institution

Answer 14

deprivation model

Question 15

the theory that inmate aggression is caused when freedoms and services that the inmate has come to accept as normal are deceased or eliminated

Answer 15

relative deprivation

Question 16

Explain the concept of prison as a total institution.

Answer 16

Although many people spend time in partial institutions-schools, companies, where they work, and religious organizations-only in prison is every aspect of an inmates life controlled, and that is why prisons are called total institutions. Every detail for every prisoner is fully prescribed and managed.

Question 17

Indicate some of the reasons for violent behavior in prisons.

Answer 17

1. to separate the powerful from the weak and establish a prisoner hierarchy
2. to minimize one’s own probability of being a target of assault
3. to enhance one’s self-image
4. to obtain sexual relief
5. to obtain material goods through extortion or robbery

Question 18

a number of prison experts have noted that collective violence often occurs in response to heightened measures of _______ at corrections facilities

Answer 18

security

Question 19

a number of prison experts have noted that collective ________ often occurs in response to heightened measures of security at corrections facilities

Answer 19

violence

Question 20

a group of inmates who band together within the corrections system to engage in social and criminal activities

Answer 20

prison gang

Question 21

racial and ethnic identification is the primary focus of the ______ _____

Answer 21

prison gang

Question 22

______ and ______ identification is the primary focus of the prison gang

Answer 22

racial

ethnic

Question 23

racial and ethnic identification is the primary focus of the ______ _____

Answer 23

prison gang

Question 24

_____ _________ is often the cause of inmate-on-inmate violence

Answer 24

gang affiliation

Question 25

Although the stereotypical gang is composed of African-Americans or Hispanics, the majority of large persons have ______, or “______” gangs

Answer 25

white

“Aryan”

Question 26

Prison culture is different from the cultures of schools or workplaces because prison is a __________ _________ that dominates every aspect of the inmate’s life.

Answer 26

total institution

Question 27

In recent decades, the prison culture has been affected by the increased average __________ of inmates, which has led to higher __________-_________ costs for corrections systems.

Answer 27

age

health-care

Question 28

Some researchers rely on the _______ model, which focuses on the stressful and oppressive conditions of incarceration, to explain general prison violence.

Answer 28

deprivation

Question 29

The concept of _________ ________, based on the gap between an inmate’s expectations and reality, is used to explain the conditions that lead to prison riots.

Answer 29

relative deprivation