Chapter 2

Question 1

based on the notion that jobs should be studied to identify their basic steps and motions as well as determine the most efficient ways of doing them. emphasizes careful selection and training of workers and supervisory support.

Answer 1

Scientific Management

Question 2

Scientific Management was developed by:

Answer 2

Frederick W. Taylor

Question 3

the science of reducing a job or task to its basic physical motions.

Answer 3

Motion Study

Question 4

1. Develop a “science” for each job—rules of motion, standard work tools,
   and proper work conditions.
2. Hire workers with the right abilities for the job.
3. Train and motivate workers to do their jobs according to the science.
4. Support workers by planning and assisting their work according to the science.

Answer 4

Taylor’s 4 Principles of Scientific Management

Question 5

The bureaucratic organization was developed by:

Answer 5

Max Weber

Question 6

1. Clear Division of Labor Jobs are well defined, and workers become highly skilled at
   performing them.
2. Clear Hierarchy of Authority Authority and responsibility are well defined, and each
   position reports to a higher-level one.
3. Formal Rules and Procedures Written guidelines describe expected behavior and
   decisions in jobs; written files are kept for the historical record.
4. Impersonality Rules and procedures are impartially and uniformly applied; no one gets
   preferential treatment.
5. Careers Based on Merit Workers are selected and promoted on ability and performance; managers are career employees of the organization.

Answer 6

Characteristics of an Ideal Bureaucracy

Question 7

Administrative principals was developed by:

Answer 7

Henri Fayol

Question 8

• Foresight—complete a plan of action for the future.
• Organization—provide and mobilize resources to implement plan.
• Command—lead, select, and evaluate workers.
• Coordination—fit diverse eff orts together, ensure information is shared
and problems are solved.
• Control—make sure things happen according to plan, take necessary corrective
action.

Answer 8

Fayol’s Five Duties of Management

Question 9

there should be a clear and unbroken line of communication from the top to the bottom in the organization.

Answer 9

scalar chain principle

Question 10

each person in an organization should receive

orders from only one boss.

Answer 10

unity of command principle

Question 11

What are the classic approaches to management

Answer 11

Scientific management
Administrative principles
Bureaucratic Organization

Question 12

What are the human resource approaches to management

Answer 12

Organizations as communities
Theory X and Theory Y
Personality and organization
Hawthorne studies
Theory of human needs

Question 13

Organizations as communities was developed by:

Answer 13

Mary Parker Follet

Question 14

Hawthorne studies was developed by:

Answer 14

Elton Mayo

Question 15

Theory X and Theory Y was developed by:

Answer 15

Douglas McGregor

Question 16

Theory of Human needs was developed by:

Answer 16

Abraham Maslow

Question 17

Personality and organization was developed by:

Answer 17

Chris Argyris

Question 18

advocates social responsibility, respect for workers, and better cooperation throughout organizations;

Answer 18

Organizations as communities

Question 19

the Western Electric Company commissioned a study of individual productivity at the Hawthorne Works of the firm’s Chicago plant.

Answer 19

Hawthorne studies

Question 20

tendency to try to live up to expectations became known

as

Answer 20

Hawthorne effect

Question 21

_______ ________ is that a need at any level becomes activated only after the next-lower-level need is satisfied

Answer 21

Progression principle

Question 22

_______ _____ is that people act to satisfy needs for which a satisfaction deficit exists; a satisfied need doesn’t motivate behavior.

Answer 22

Deficit Principle

Question 23

Self-actualization needs
Esteem Needs
Social Needs
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs

Answer 23

Maslow hierarchy of human needs

Question 24

Highest level: need for self-fulfillment; to grow and use abilities to fullest and most creative extent

Answer 24

Self-actualization needs

Question 25

Need for esteem in eyes of others; need for respect, prestige, recognition and self-esteem, personal sense of
competence, mastery

Answer 25

Esteem Needs

Question 26

Need for love, affection, sense of belongingness in one’s relationships with other people

Answer 26

Social Needs

Question 27

Need for security, protection, and stability in the events of day-to-day life

Answer 27

Safety Needs

Question 28

Most basic of all human needs: need for biological maintenance; food, water, and physical well-being

Answer 28

Physiological Needs

Question 29

assumes people dislike work, lack ambition, are irresponsible, and prefer to be led.

Answer 29

Theory X

Question 30

assumes people are willing to work, accept responsibility, are self-directed, and are creative.

Answer 30

Theory Y

Question 31

occurs when a person acts in ways that confirm another’s expectations.

Answer 31

self-fulfilling prophecy