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AP European History > Chapter 18: Life In The Era Of Expansion > Flashcards

Chapter 18: Life In The Era Of Expansion Flashcards

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1
Q

Why did people in Western Europe marry later?

A
  • People did not marry until they could start homes and support a family
  • laws a traditions discouraged early marriage
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2
Q

How was later marriages an economic advantage?

A

Older adults who had already accumulated economic capital and could transfer self reliance and skills to the next generation

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3
Q

How did later marriages affect the relationship between the husband and wife?

A

Their was greater equality between husband and wife

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4
Q

Poor families could usually not afford ______________ for their sons

A

Apprenticeships

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5
Q

What was the most common job for a girl outside of the home?

A

Service in other households

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6
Q

Birth control before the nineteenth century was ___________

A

Unreliable

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7
Q

What was the most common form of birth control?

A

Coitus interruptus

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8
Q

Why did bad birth control not initially cause a large spike in illegitimate births?

A

Social pressures to marry if impregnated

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9
Q

Common actions in villages that sought to uphold the economic, social, and moral stability of the close knit community

A

Community controls

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10
Q

Degrading public rituals used by villages to police personal behavior and maintain moral standards

A

Charivari

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11
Q

When did the patterns of marriage and illegitimate births shift?

A

Latter half of the eighteenth century

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12
Q

Why did the number of illegitimate births rise?

A
  • increased ability for young people to choose their partners
  • break down of community controls caused an increase in the sexual activity of young people
  • fewer men followed through on their promise to marry women they impregnated
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13
Q

What was the reason for the increase in young people’s abilities to choose their own partners?

A
  • social and economic changes made it harder for families and communities to supervise their behavior
  • youths who began to work for their own wages had increased freedom
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14
Q

Despite repressive laws, ____________ flourished in the 18th century

A

Prostitution

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15
Q

Prostitute with wealthy clients that provided them with apartments, clothes, and cash allowances

A

Courtesans

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16
Q

What was the punishment for same sex relations?, although it was enforced unevenly throughout Europe

A

Death

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17
Q

The infant mortality rate was _______ and many women died in childbirth

A

High

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18
Q

How did new enlightenment ideals change the relationship between parent and child?

A

They emphasized the importance of parental nurturing and education

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19
Q

Breastfed infants had a ________ survival rate

A

Higher

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20
Q

Women who breastfed another women’s child for money

A

Wet nurses

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21
Q

Rural wet nursing was conducted within the framework of the ____________ system

A

Putting out

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22
Q

What country was wet nursing the most prominent in?

A

France

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23
Q

How did enlightened thinkers feel about wet nursing?

A

They attacked it

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24
Q

Abortion was _______, dangerous, and rare

A

Illegal

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25
Q

In which women delivered in secret and smothered their baby, punishable by death

A

Infanticide

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26
Q

Orphanages in urban cities that took care of abandoned babies

A

Foundling hospitals

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27
Q

Why was discipline of children often severe?

A

People believed that children were born with innate sin that the parents had to overcome

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28
Q

What things did enlightened thinkers rally for in terms of children?

A
  • increased tenderness
  • breastfeeding
  • better education
  • foundling homes
  • comfortable clothing
  • celebrate the child as innocent and develop children’s innate qualities
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29
Q

One of the most influential books on child rearing, by Jean Jacques Rousseau

A

Emile

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30
Q

What did Rousseau believe about boys education?

A

It should include lots of exercise, fresh air, and practical skills

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31
Q

What did Rousseau believe about girls education?

A

It should center around domestic responsibilities

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32
Q

The availability of education outside of the home _________

A

Increased

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33
Q

What was important to the spread of education?

A

Religion

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34
Q

Church established schools to teach poor kids

A

Charity schools

35
Q

Protestants involvement in education was spurred by what belief?

A

Every believer should be able to read the bible

36
Q

In 1717, what country made elementary school attendance mandatory?

A

Prussia

37
Q

What material was the most widely read?

A

Religious

38
Q

In which an increase in consumerism lead to new expectations for comfort, hygiene, and self expression.

A

Consumer revolution

39
Q

How did women literacy rates compare to men’s?

A

They lagged behind

40
Q

Short pamphlets, staple of popular literature

A

Chapbooks

41
Q

Despite increased literacy, village culture remained largely _______

A

Oral

42
Q

Violent spectator sports, increases with the increase in consumerism and leisure time

A

Blood sports

43
Q

Even preceding lent, gave people a chance to release their pent up frustrations

A

Carnival

44
Q

How did educated elites react to activities such as drinking, blood sports,and festivals as the century progressed?

A

They increasingly denounced them as vulgar

45
Q

A price that protects the consumers and producers, should be imposed by the government if necessary

A

Just price

46
Q

Why did the eighteenth century see an increase in the consumption of commodities imported from abroad like tea, sugar, chocolate, coffee, and tobacco?

A
  • American slavery enabled the products to be cheap enough to spread to the masses
  • common folk wanted to emulate the lifestyle of the elite
47
Q

Along with food, all goods increased in _______

A

Variety

48
Q

The growth in consumption and new attitudes towards consumer goods in the latter eighteenth century

A

Consumer revolution

49
Q

Why was fashionable clothing cheaper?

A

The flood of women entering the textile industry

50
Q

How did the rise in the accessibility of fashionable clothing challenge social order?

A

It blurred the line between social groups

51
Q

Where was consumerism concentrated?

A

Large cities in northwestern Europe

52
Q

Who benefited most from the consumer revolution

A

Elite

53
Q

Despite the enlightenment, a majority of men and women retained a strong ______

A

Faith

54
Q

What was the focal point of community?

A

Church

55
Q

Who headed church in Protestant areas?

A

Princes and monarchs

56
Q

Catholic monarch took control of religious matters, weakening the authority of the _____

A

Pope

57
Q

The national Catholic Church established by France

A

Gallican church

58
Q

Catholicism gained new ground in the _____________

A

Holy Roman Empire

59
Q

Catholic society that exercised tremendous political authority, they were expelled from France by Louis XV

A

Jesuits

60
Q

Both the Catholic and Protestant churches were challenged by the _______________

A

Enlightenment

61
Q

Leader in controlling religion and education

A

Austria

62
Q

Maria Theresa restricted entry into ____________

A

Unproductive orders

63
Q

In which Joseph II of Austria abolished contemplative orders

A

Edict on Idle Constitutions

64
Q

What did Austria use the money from dissolved monasteries for?

A

Charity and higher priest salaries

65
Q

Established religious tolerance, including Jews

A

Joseph II

66
Q

Protestant revival in early the early eighteenth century, originated in Germany

A

Pietism

67
Q

What did pietism stress?

A
  • warm emotional religion
  • priesthood of all believers
  • power of Christian rebirth in everyday lives
68
Q

Who did pietism affect, he was a catalyst for religious revival in England

A

John Wesley

69
Q

What were John Wesley’s followers called?

A

Methodists

70
Q

What problems with faith existed in England ?

A
  • government used church to provide favorites with high paying jobs
  • separation of church from local customs and social life
  • enlightenment skepticism and deism
71
Q

What did Wesley preach instead of Calvins idea of predestination?

A

All men and women who earnestly seek salvation may be saved

72
Q

How did Catholics differ from Protestants?

A

Religion was a bigger part of their everyday lives

73
Q

Catholic version of pietism, called for a return to the early Christianity of saint Augustine, emphasized the heavy weight of original sin

A

Jansenism

74
Q

Who did Jansenism originate with?

A

Cornelius Jansen

75
Q

Why was Jansenism outlawed by the pope as heresy?

A

Accepted predestination

76
Q

Where was Jansenism most popular?

A

France

77
Q

From what type of background did physicians normally come from?

A

Wealthy

78
Q

What remained the cure all of medicine?

A

Bloodletting or purging

79
Q

What type of surgeons led innovations in surgery?

A

Army surgeons

80
Q

Midwife who wrote “Manuel on the art of childbirth”

A

Madame du Coudray

81
Q

What was the greatest medical triumph of the eighteenth century?

A

The discovery of the smallpox vaccine

82
Q

Who discovered the smallpox vaccine?

A

Edward Jenner

83
Q

What was the average age for marriage in wester Europe?

A

25-27

AP European History (16 decks)

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