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AP European History > Ch 19: Revolutions In Politics > Flashcards

Ch 19: Revolutions In Politics Flashcards

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1
Q

What privileges did nobles have in eighteenth century society?

A

No taxes, exclusive hunting rights

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2
Q

What privileges did the middle class (merchants and professionals) have in society?

A

They were allowed to monopolize industry and economic activity

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3
Q

The majority of the population were _______

A

Peasants

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4
Q

European population was __________

A

Increasing

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5
Q

As population increased, ___________ increased

A

Inflation

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6
Q

How did the middle class benefit from inflation?

A

Investors profited from trade and manufacturing

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7
Q

How did inflation affect the poor?

A

The poor struggled even more to pay for food and everyday necessities

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8
Q

People who called for individual liberty, freedom to worship what they wanted, and advocated an end to censorship

A

Liberals

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9
Q

Belief that the people had the authority to make laws limiting and an individual’s freedom, choosing legislators who represented and were accountable to the people

A

Sovereignty

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10
Q

What did liberals believe regarding the rights of women?

A

Equal equality of the sexes as undesirable

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11
Q

What did liberals believe about economic equality?

A
  • did not believe everyone should be equal economically

- every white man should have an equal chance to economic gain

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12
Q

Who were the most referenced enlightened thinkers among liberals?

A

Locke and Montesquieu

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13
Q

Who did appeals about a representative government appeal to?

A

Middle class and Nobels

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14
Q

Republic did not mean ___________, which was equated with mob rule to liberals

A

Democracy

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15
Q

Who did liberals want to limit voting to?

A

Men with a strake in society

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16
Q

Who were the main countries involved in the seven years war?

A

England and Prussia vs France and Austria

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17
Q

The main reason for the seven years war was unresolved conflicts for which war?

A

The war of the Austrian succession

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18
Q

Austria’s Maria Theresa wanted to win _______ back from Prussia

A

Silesia

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19
Q

Who ended with Silesia?

A

Prussia

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20
Q

What caused tensions in North America during the Seven Years War?

A

Border disputes between British and French colonies

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21
Q

The British won the seven years war after laying siege to what city?

A

Quebec

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22
Q

Treaty that ratified the victory of Britain over France in the Seven Years War

A

Treaty of Paris (1763)

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23
Q

What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1763) ?

A
  • French and Canadian land east of Mississippi given to Britain
  • France gives Louisiana to Spain as compensation for Spain’s loss of Florida to England
  • France gives up most of its Indian territory, opening up the way for English imperialism
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24
Q

Following the Seven Years War, _________ was a leading European power

A

Britain

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25
Q

What did France and England have to do in order to pay for the Seven Years War?

A

Raise taxes

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26
Q

Taxed the American colonies on commercial and legal documents, diplomas, newspapers, etc

A

Stamp Act (1765)

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27
Q

There was great degree of _________ in the colonies

A

Independence

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28
Q

Monopolized tea with the East India Company

A

Tea Act (1773)

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29
Q

Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that mobilized public opinion for independence

A

Common Sense

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30
Q

Who did the French sympathize with during the American Revolution?

A

Patriots

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31
Q

Frenchmen that became one of George Washingtons most trusted Generals

A

Marquis de Lafayette

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32
Q

Treaty that recognized American Independence

A

Treaty of Paris (1783)

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33
Q

People who opposed the American Constitution

A

Anti-federalists

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34
Q

How did the American Revolution affect France?

A

Fueled dissatisfaction with monarch order in France

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35
Q

The French Revolution had immediate origins in the governments ___________ difficulties

A

Financial

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36
Q

Louis XV broke the pattern of Nobel mistresses with ___________, a member of the bourgeoisie class

A

Madame de Pompadou

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37
Q

Who revived proposals for a tax on property and convinced King Louis XVI to call an assembly of notables for discussion of the proposal

A

Minister of Finance

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38
Q

What did the notables declare?

A

Tax changes needed the approval of the Estates General

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39
Q

How did the King react to the proposition of calling the Estates General?

A

He tried to reassert his authority, dismissed notables, and established new taxes.

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40
Q

The _________________ declared Louis’ taxes null and void

A

Parliament of Paris

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41
Q

What did Louis finally resort to after the ruling of the Parliament of Paris?

A

Calling the Estates General

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42
Q

What were the three estates?

A

Clergy, Nobility, and Everyone Else

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43
Q

The representatives for the clergy in the estates general consisted mostly of _________

A

Parish priests

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44
Q

The nobility representatives in the Estates General consisted mostly of ____________

A

Less wealthy conservatives

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45
Q

The representatives for the commoners in the estates general consisted mainly of _____________

A

Lawyers and Government officials

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46
Q

All three estates were in favor of a _______________________

A

Constitutional Monarchy

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47
Q

Where did the Estates General meet?

A

Versailles

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48
Q

The estates general saw controversy over __________________

A

Voting procedures

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49
Q

Who wrote ‘What is the Third Estate?’

A

Emmanuel Sieyes

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50
Q

The third estate voted to call themselves the _________________

A

National Assembly

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51
Q

In which the third estate agreed not to disband until they recognized a National Assembly and has written a new constitution

A

Tennis Court Oath

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52
Q

Bread prices continued to ________ after a poor harvest in 1788

A

Rise

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53
Q

Why did people storm Bastille on July 14, 1789?

A

To get weapons to defend themselves from royal armies

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54
Q

Fear of noble reprisals against peasant uprisings

A

Great fear

55
Q

The ______________ abolished all only noble privileges and tithes paid to the church

A

National Assembly

56
Q

The National Assembly issued this declaration which laid out the rights of the people

A

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

57
Q

What were the rights guaranteed my the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen?

A
  • equality before the law
  • representative government for a sovereign people
  • individual freedom
58
Q

In October of 1789, thousand of women marched from Paris to Versailles demanding what?

A

The King to move closer to the people in Paris

59
Q

In 1791, the king swore to uphold the constitution, turning France into a __________________

A

Constitutional monarchy

60
Q

Although the constitution passed 1791 broadened women’s rights in some aspects, it still excluded women from ____________ and __________

A

Holding office, voting

61
Q

Who wrote the declaration of the rights of women?

A

Olympus de Gouges

62
Q

What happened to guilds under the National Assembly?

A

They were abolished

63
Q

What were the National Assemblies religious reforms?

A
  • granted religious freedom to a small amount of Protestants and Jews
  • abolished monasteries
  • nationalized Catholic Church property
64
Q

New paper currency

A

Assignet

65
Q

In 1790, the National Assembly established a _____________ with priests chosen by voters

A

National church.

66
Q

What were the social implications of the attempt to remake the church and abolition of guilds?

A

Increased tensions between the educated and common populations

67
Q

Edmund Burkes book that defended inherited privileges

A

Reflections on the Revolution in France

68
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft’s book that attacked Edmund Burke’s stance on inherited privileges

A

A Vindication on the Rights of Man

69
Q

Why was the royal family arrested in 1791?

A

Attempting to sneak out of France

70
Q

In which Austria and Prussia professed their willingness to restore Louis XVI

A

Declaration of Pullnitz

71
Q

The new French government convened in October of 1791

A

Legislative assembly

72
Q

Well educated radical republicans who dominated the legislative assembly

A

Jacobins

73
Q

How did the Jacobins react to the Declaration of Pullnitz?

A

Declared war on Francis II, the Habsburg monarch

74
Q

___________ joined Austria in the war against France

A

Prussia

75
Q

Rumors of _________ by the king and queen spread in Paris

A

Treason

76
Q

In August of 1792, a crowd attacked the palace at ___________

A

Tuileries

77
Q

After the attack at the palace of Tuileries the Monarchs fled to _______________, where they were imprisoned

A

The legislative Assembly

78
Q

The fall of the monarchy signified the start of this revolutionary phase

A

Second Revolution

79
Q

In which crowds fearing Prussian invasion stormed prisons and killed jailed priests and aritocrats

A

September Massacres

80
Q

New government established in 1792 that proclaimed France a republic

A

National convention

81
Q

What were the two groups the Jacobins were divided into?

A
  • Girondists

- The Mountain

82
Q

Who led the mountain?

A

Maximilien Robespierre and George Jacques Danton

83
Q

What did the national convention overwhelmingly convict Louis XVI of?

A

Treason

84
Q

Which group of the Jacobins was not in favor of sentencing the King to death?

A

Girondists

85
Q

Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were executed by _________

A

Guillotine

86
Q

France was still determined to fight tyranny and declared war on what countries in 1793?

A

Spain,England, and the Dutch Republic

87
Q

Laboring poor of Paris, came to refer to the militant radicals of the city

A

Sans culottes

88
Q

In June, 1793 the __________ invaded the National Convention and arrested several Girondists for treason

A

Sans Culottes

89
Q

After the invasion of the National a Convention, all power was passed to ___________

A

The Mountain

90
Q

Formed by the National a Convention in 1793 to deal with threats within France and foreign invasion

A

Committee of Public Safety

91
Q

Who led the Committee of Public Safety?

A

Robespierre

92
Q

What reforms did Robespierre make to the economy?

A
  • set maximum prices for products

- put people to work producing arms

93
Q

The period between 1793-1794 when Robespierre tried and executed thousands suspected of treason

A

Reign of Terror

94
Q

How did Robespierre further limit the rights of women?

A
  • suppressed women’s participation in debates

- declared women’s clubs and societies prohibited

95
Q

Radicals and moderates within the Convention who feared execution formed a ____________

A

Conspiracy

96
Q

What was Robespierres fate?

A

He was executed by guillotine in 1794

97
Q

Reaction to the violence of the Reign of Terror, resulted in the execution of Robespierre and the loosening one economic controls

A

Thermidorian Reaction

98
Q

After Robespierres execution, middle class _______ and _________ re asserted authority

A

Lawyers, professionals

99
Q

What did the new system of voting in the new constitution entail?

A

The mass of the population would vote on electors to elect legislates, electors had to meet property requirements

100
Q

A ________ legislation was inaugurated

A

Bicameral

101
Q

The new assembly granted executive power to a 5 man body called _______________

A

The directory

102
Q

Where was Napoleon born?

A

Corsica

103
Q

Napoleon and conspirators ousted the ________ in 1799

A

Directory

104
Q

Napoleon was initially named __________

A

First consul

105
Q

Document reassuring two fundamental revolutionary principles

A

Napoleonic Code

106
Q

What two revolutionary principles did the Napoleonic code ensure?

A
  • Equality of all male citizens before the law

- security of wealth and private property

107
Q

How did Napoleon win over the peasantry?

A

Defending the gains in land and status they won during the Revolution

108
Q

Signed by Napoleon and Pope Pius VIII as part of Napoleons attempt to heal the church

A

Concordat of 1801

109
Q

What did the concordat of 1801 entail?

A
  • French Catholics can practice freely

- Napoleon gains political power and greater influence of the church

110
Q

Napoleon limited freedom of _______ and _______

A

Speech, press

111
Q

How did the rights of women change under Napoleon?

A

Women lost many gains made in the Revolution

112
Q

Treaty between the French and British that allowed France to control the Dutch republic

A

Treaty of Amiens

113
Q

Battle where the French fleet was destroyed by the British

A

Battle of Trafalgar

114
Q

What countries made up the third coalition against France?

A

Austria, Russia, Sweden, Britain

115
Q

Where was the 3rd coalition defeated?

A

Austerlitz

116
Q

Napoleon reorganized the German states into the ____________________

A

German Confederation of the Rhine

117
Q

Napoleon abolished _________________

A

The Holy Roman Empire

118
Q

In which Prussia lost half of its population and Russia accepts and reinforces Napoleon

A

Treaty of Tilset

119
Q

What were the three parts of Napoleons “grand empire”?

A
  • France
  • Satellite kingdoms ruled by his family
  • Austria, Prussia, Russia
120
Q

Napoleons plan to halt trade between continental Europe and Britain

A

Continental System

121
Q

-Napoleon levied heavy ______

A

Taxes

122
Q

Why did Spain rebel?

A

Napoleon planned to turn it into a satellite state

123
Q

Why was the continental system a failure?

A

It provoked a counter blockade by England

124
Q

In 1811, ___________ of Russia repudiated his support of Napoleon

A

Alexander I

125
Q

What was Napoleons biggest mistake?

A

Invading Russia

126
Q

In which Austria, Russia, Prussia, and England pledged allegiance to defeat Napoleon

A

Treaty of Chaument

127
Q

In April of 1814, Napoleon abdicated and was sent to ________

A

Elba

128
Q

Who was placed on the throne after the abdication of Napoleon

A

Louis XVIII

129
Q

Napoleon escaped Elba and marched to _________

A

Paris

130
Q

What did Louis XVIII do upon Napoleons escape?

A

Flee the country

131
Q

Where was Napoleon finally defeated?

A

Waterloo

132
Q

Where was Napoleon finally sent?

A

St Helena

133
Q

King Louis XVIII was _________

A

Restored

AP European History (16 decks)

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