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AP European History > Ch 12: The Renaissance > Flashcards

Ch 12: The Renaissance Flashcards

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1
Q

_______________ paved a path for the Renaissance

A

Economic growth

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2
Q

Support/financial aid of an artist by a group, city, or person

A

Patronage

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3
Q

Italian city where the Renaissance began

A

Florence

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4
Q

How did Florence become wealthy?

A

Trade

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5
Q

Why did the wealth of Italian cities spark the Renaissance?

A

More wealth meant more money to invest in luxuries like art

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6
Q

Associates of free men who began to seek political, and economic independence from local nobles

A

Communes

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7
Q

North Italian nobles and __________ formed a powerful oligarchy

A

Merchants

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8
Q

Term for the common people of Italy

A

Popolo

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9
Q

Military leaders called in by merchant oligarchies

A

Condottieri

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10
Q

System where one man rules a city and passed on rule to his son

A

Signori

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11
Q

Lavish households where signori and oligarchs lived and conducted business, displayed wealth, and supported the arts

A

Courts

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12
Q

What five powers dominated Italy and competed for territory?

A

Venice, Milan, Florence, the Papal States, and Naples

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13
Q

Although Venice was a republic in name it was actually ran by an ____________ of merchants

A

Oligarchy

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14
Q

Milan was ruled harshly by which signori family?

A

Sforza family

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15
Q

Florence was run by what infamous and powerful family?

A

Medici

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16
Q

Florence became the _____________ ruled by the Medici’s

A

Grand duchy of Tuscanny

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17
Q

Most ______ came from powerful families and were chosen for political skills rather than piety

A

Popes

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18
Q

Who was the first Spanish pope? He re asserted papal authority in papal lands

A

Pope Alexander VI

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19
Q

The son of pope Alexander who aided him ruthlessly

A

Cesare Borgia

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20
Q

One of the greatest political achievements of the era was modern __________

A

Diplomacy

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21
Q

Florence and Naples agreed to acquire the _________territories

A

Milanese

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22
Q

Who did Milan ask for support against Florence and Naples? He invaded Italy

A

French King Charles VIII

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23
Q

Who predicted that God would punish Italy for its vice and corruption?

A

Girolamo Savanorala

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24
Q

Florentines interpreted the French invasion as a fulfillment of savanarolas prophecy and expelled the ___________ dynasty

A

Medici

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25
Q

Who became leader after the Medici’s where expelled? He promised great glory if people would reform their ways

A

Savanorola

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26
Q

Savanorola passed laws against what?

A

Same sex relationships, drunkenness

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27
Q

Huge fires burning objects of vanity, organized by Savanorala

A

Bonfires of vanity

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28
Q

What happened to Savanoralo?

A

People grew tired of his moral ways and was tortured, excommunicated, and burned

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29
Q

Who ruled after savanarola?

A

Medici

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30
Q

Who was the father of humanism?

A

Francesco Petrach

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31
Q

Humanists believed that the glory of Rome was brightest in the works of ________, who supported a return back to a republican government

A

Cicero

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32
Q

Lectured people synthesizing Christian and humanist ideas

A

Marsilio Ficini

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33
Q

Ficinis teachings regarding Christianity and humanism

A

Platonic academy

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34
Q

Being able to shape the world according to ones own will

A

Virtu

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35
Q

The most influential book on education, manual for how to increase social standing

A

The courtier

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36
Q

Who wrote the courtier?

A

Baldassare Castiglione

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37
Q

Idea that educated men should be active in politics

A

Civic humanism

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38
Q

Niccolo Machiavelli was tortured and arrested in suspicion of plotting against who?

A

The Medici’s

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39
Q

Machiavelli’s book in which he argued the purpose of a ruler was to preserve peace and order by any means necessary

A

The prince

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40
Q

Who did Machiavelli use as an example in his writing?

A

Cesare Borgia

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41
Q

English humanist best known for utopia

A

Thomas Moore

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42
Q

Dutch humanist who called for the Renaissance early church ideals by studying antiquity and the bible

A

Desiderius Erasmus

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43
Q

Who came up with the printing press?

A

Johann Gutenberg

44
Q

Who build the dome on the cathedral in Florence?

A

Filipo Brunelleschi

45
Q

Who designed the bronze doors for the baptistery in Florence?

A

Lorenzo Ghiberti

46
Q

Who commissioned Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of Vaticans Sistine chapel?

A

Pope Julius II

47
Q

What artist led the way in the use of realism?

A

Giotto

48
Q

What two artists pioneered the idea of visual perspective?

A

Pierro Della Francesca, and Andrea Mentegna

49
Q

Sculptor who revived the classical figure by using balance

A

Donatello

50
Q

Art in Northern Europe was more________ than Italian art

A

Religious

51
Q

One of the earliest painters to use oil based paints, had a realistic style and paid attention to human personality

A

Jan Van Eyck

52
Q

Famous for his detailed wood cuts

A

Albrecht Durer

53
Q

In the early sixteenth century the center of art shifted from Florence to __________

A

Rome

54
Q

Most sought after artist in Europe, famous for his frescoes

A

Raphael

55
Q

Painter who developed the technique of painting without drawing first

A

Titian

56
Q

Style of art where artists distorted figure, exaggerated muscle, and intensified color to create drama

A

Manerism

57
Q

Artists were seen as ________

A

Geniuses

58
Q

Who began the first artistic academy?

A

Vasari

59
Q

All famous artists where _____

A

Male

60
Q

Most artists came from _________ families

A

Wealthy

61
Q

Even after the collapse of Rome _______ were still being imported to Europe

A

Slaves

62
Q

_____________ sailors sold slaves in European markets

A

Portuguese

63
Q

Where were Africans in Europe concentrated?

A

Iberian peninsula

64
Q

Interested in defending women and finding out why they had a lower status

A

Christine de Pizan

65
Q

After the HYW, who revived the monarchy in France?

A

Charles VII

66
Q

Charles VII set up France’s first

permanent ___________

A

Royal army

67
Q

Charle’s son _________ improved the French army

A

Louis XI

68
Q

The marriage of who gave the French the duchy of Brittany?

A

Louis XII and Anne of Brittany

69
Q

Who signed the concordat of Bologna?

A

King Francis and pope Leo x

70
Q

What did the concordat of Bologna entail?

A
  • the pope had the right to receive the first years income of newly named bishops
  • French ruler allowed to select bishops
71
Q

War between ducal houses of York and Lancaster contending for the control of the crown

A

Wars of the roses

72
Q

Yorkist __________ established domestic tranquility

A

Edward IV

73
Q

What tactic did Edward IV use to reconstruct the English monarchy?

A

Ruthlessness

74
Q

The central of English royal authority was _______

A

The royal council

75
Q

Henry VIII’s eldest son Arthur married ___________

A

Catherine of Aragon

76
Q

The kingdoms of ______ and _____ were dominant in Spain

A

Castillo, Aragon

77
Q

The marriage of _______ of Castile, and ________ of Aragon did not bring unity to Italy

A

Isabella and Ferdinand

78
Q

How did Ferdinand and Isabella curb aristocratic powers?

A

Excluding high nobles from the royal council

79
Q

Ferdinand and Isabella expanded territories to include _______ land in the south

A

Arab

80
Q

Ferdinand and Isabella’s entrance into Grenada signaled what?

A

The conclusion of the reconquest

81
Q

____________ increased in Spain

A

Anti semitism

82
Q

Jewish converts to Christianity

A

New Christians

83
Q

In which Ferdinand and Isabella received permission from pope sixtus to try Jews

A

Inquisition

84
Q

Laws that required pure Christian blood for nobility, said that being Jewish was heritable and could not be converted

A

Purity of blood laws

85
Q

In 1942, Isabella and Ferdinand _________ all Jews from Spain

A

Expelled

86
Q

Ferdinand and Isabella married daughter Joanna to ________

A

Archduke Philip

87
Q

Archduke Philip was heir to what?

A

Burgundian Netherlands and the Holy Roman Empire

88
Q

______ joined Portugal to Spanish crown finally uniting the Iberian peninsula

A

Philip II

89
Q

Change in Italian art was inspired by __________

A

Humanism

90
Q

Religious reform, the return to Christian values, and the revolt against the authority of the church drove a change in ______________ art

A

Northern European

91
Q

Who creates the adoration of the lamb Ghent altarpiece?

A

Van Eyck

92
Q

Famous for his portraits of Martin Luther

A

Lucas Cranach the Elder

93
Q

The greatest of German artists, self conscious individualism of the Renaissance is seen in his portraits

A

Albrecht Durer

94
Q

English were more interested in __________ than painting

A

Architecture

95
Q

A pessimistic view of human nature was seen in his work

A

Hieronymous Bosch

96
Q

While the Hundred Years War ravaged Northern Europe, the ____________ happened in Southern Europe

A

Renaissance

97
Q

Italian who proved that the donation of Constatine was a forgery

A

Lorenzo valla

98
Q

Best known philosopher of the renaissance

A

Pico Della Mirandola

99
Q

What was the name of Pico Della Mirandola’s book?

A

The oration on the dignity of man

100
Q

Most prominent historian of the renaissance, first to write using 3 period view of history

A

Leonardo Bruni

101
Q

What were the three periods of history as described by Bruni

A

Antiquity, Middle Ages, Modern

102
Q

Epitomized the renaissance man

A

Leon Batista Alberti

103
Q

Historian and critic of Machiavelli, considered one of the great political writers

A

Francesco Guicciardini

104
Q

What was the title of Frencesco Guicciardini’s book?

A

The history of Italy

105
Q

Most important Dutch artist in history

A

Rembrandt

106
Q

Painter from the Netherlands known for his painting of peasants

A

Pieter Bruegal the Elder

AP European History (16 decks)

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