Ch 12: The Renaissance Flashcards
_______________ paved a path for the Renaissance
Economic growth
Support/financial aid of an artist by a group, city, or person
Patronage
Italian city where the Renaissance began
Florence
How did Florence become wealthy?
Trade
Why did the wealth of Italian cities spark the Renaissance?
More wealth meant more money to invest in luxuries like art
Associates of free men who began to seek political, and economic independence from local nobles
Communes
North Italian nobles and __________ formed a powerful oligarchy
Merchants
Term for the common people of Italy
Popolo
Military leaders called in by merchant oligarchies
Condottieri
System where one man rules a city and passed on rule to his son
Signori
Lavish households where signori and oligarchs lived and conducted business, displayed wealth, and supported the arts
Courts
What five powers dominated Italy and competed for territory?
Venice, Milan, Florence, the Papal States, and Naples
Although Venice was a republic in name it was actually ran by an ____________ of merchants
Oligarchy
Milan was ruled harshly by which signori family?
Sforza family
Florence was run by what infamous and powerful family?
Medici
Florence became the _____________ ruled by the Medici’s
Grand duchy of Tuscanny
Most ______ came from powerful families and were chosen for political skills rather than piety
Popes
Who was the first Spanish pope? He re asserted papal authority in papal lands
Pope Alexander VI
The son of pope Alexander who aided him ruthlessly
Cesare Borgia
One of the greatest political achievements of the era was modern __________
Diplomacy
Florence and Naples agreed to acquire the _________territories
Milanese
Who did Milan ask for support against Florence and Naples? He invaded Italy
French King Charles VIII
Who predicted that God would punish Italy for its vice and corruption?
Girolamo Savanorala
Florentines interpreted the French invasion as a fulfillment of savanarolas prophecy and expelled the ___________ dynasty
Medici
Who became leader after the Medici’s where expelled? He promised great glory if people would reform their ways
Savanorola
Savanorola passed laws against what?
Same sex relationships, drunkenness
Huge fires burning objects of vanity, organized by Savanorala
Bonfires of vanity
What happened to Savanoralo?
People grew tired of his moral ways and was tortured, excommunicated, and burned
Who ruled after savanarola?
Medici
Who was the father of humanism?
Francesco Petrach
Humanists believed that the glory of Rome was brightest in the works of ________, who supported a return back to a republican government
Cicero
Lectured people synthesizing Christian and humanist ideas
Marsilio Ficini
Ficinis teachings regarding Christianity and humanism
Platonic academy
Being able to shape the world according to ones own will
Virtu
The most influential book on education, manual for how to increase social standing
The courtier
Who wrote the courtier?
Baldassare Castiglione
Idea that educated men should be active in politics
Civic humanism
Niccolo Machiavelli was tortured and arrested in suspicion of plotting against who?
The Medici’s
Machiavelli’s book in which he argued the purpose of a ruler was to preserve peace and order by any means necessary
The prince
Who did Machiavelli use as an example in his writing?
Cesare Borgia
English humanist best known for utopia
Thomas Moore
Dutch humanist who called for the Renaissance early church ideals by studying antiquity and the bible
Desiderius Erasmus
Who came up with the printing press?
Johann Gutenberg
Who build the dome on the cathedral in Florence?
Filipo Brunelleschi
Who designed the bronze doors for the baptistery in Florence?
Lorenzo Ghiberti
Who commissioned Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of Vaticans Sistine chapel?
Pope Julius II
What artist led the way in the use of realism?
Giotto
What two artists pioneered the idea of visual perspective?
Pierro Della Francesca, and Andrea Mentegna
Sculptor who revived the classical figure by using balance
Donatello
Art in Northern Europe was more________ than Italian art
Religious
One of the earliest painters to use oil based paints, had a realistic style and paid attention to human personality
Jan Van Eyck
Famous for his detailed wood cuts
Albrecht Durer
In the early sixteenth century the center of art shifted from Florence to __________
Rome
Most sought after artist in Europe, famous for his frescoes
Raphael
Painter who developed the technique of painting without drawing first
Titian
Style of art where artists distorted figure, exaggerated muscle, and intensified color to create drama
Manerism
Artists were seen as ________
Geniuses
Who began the first artistic academy?
Vasari
All famous artists where _____
Male
Most artists came from _________ families
Wealthy
Even after the collapse of Rome _______ were still being imported to Europe
Slaves
_____________ sailors sold slaves in European markets
Portuguese
Where were Africans in Europe concentrated?
Iberian peninsula
Interested in defending women and finding out why they had a lower status
Christine de Pizan
After the HYW, who revived the monarchy in France?
Charles VII
Charles VII set up France’s first
permanent ___________
Royal army
Charle’s son _________ improved the French army
Louis XI
The marriage of who gave the French the duchy of Brittany?
Louis XII and Anne of Brittany
Who signed the concordat of Bologna?
King Francis and pope Leo x
What did the concordat of Bologna entail?
- the pope had the right to receive the first years income of newly named bishops
- French ruler allowed to select bishops
War between ducal houses of York and Lancaster contending for the control of the crown
Wars of the roses
Yorkist __________ established domestic tranquility
Edward IV
What tactic did Edward IV use to reconstruct the English monarchy?
Ruthlessness
The central of English royal authority was _______
The royal council
Henry VIII’s eldest son Arthur married ___________
Catherine of Aragon
The kingdoms of ______ and _____ were dominant in Spain
Castillo, Aragon
The marriage of _______ of Castile, and ________ of Aragon did not bring unity to Italy
Isabella and Ferdinand
How did Ferdinand and Isabella curb aristocratic powers?
Excluding high nobles from the royal council
Ferdinand and Isabella expanded territories to include _______ land in the south
Arab
Ferdinand and Isabella’s entrance into Grenada signaled what?
The conclusion of the reconquest
____________ increased in Spain
Anti semitism
Jewish converts to Christianity
New Christians
In which Ferdinand and Isabella received permission from pope sixtus to try Jews
Inquisition
Laws that required pure Christian blood for nobility, said that being Jewish was heritable and could not be converted
Purity of blood laws
In 1942, Isabella and Ferdinand _________ all Jews from Spain
Expelled
Ferdinand and Isabella married daughter Joanna to ________
Archduke Philip
Archduke Philip was heir to what?
Burgundian Netherlands and the Holy Roman Empire
______ joined Portugal to Spanish crown finally uniting the Iberian peninsula
Philip II
Change in Italian art was inspired by __________
Humanism
Religious reform, the return to Christian values, and the revolt against the authority of the church drove a change in ______________ art
Northern European
Who creates the adoration of the lamb Ghent altarpiece?
Van Eyck
Famous for his portraits of Martin Luther
Lucas Cranach the Elder
The greatest of German artists, self conscious individualism of the Renaissance is seen in his portraits
Albrecht Durer
English were more interested in __________ than painting
Architecture
A pessimistic view of human nature was seen in his work
Hieronymous Bosch
While the Hundred Years War ravaged Northern Europe, the ____________ happened in Southern Europe
Renaissance
Italian who proved that the donation of Constatine was a forgery
Lorenzo valla
Best known philosopher of the renaissance
Pico Della Mirandola
What was the name of Pico Della Mirandola’s book?
The oration on the dignity of man
Most prominent historian of the renaissance, first to write using 3 period view of history
Leonardo Bruni
What were the three periods of history as described by Bruni
Antiquity, Middle Ages, Modern
Epitomized the renaissance man
Leon Batista Alberti
Historian and critic of Machiavelli, considered one of the great political writers
Francesco Guicciardini
What was the title of Frencesco Guicciardini’s book?
The history of Italy
Most important Dutch artist in history
Rembrandt
Painter from the Netherlands known for his painting of peasants
Pieter Bruegal the Elder
