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AP European History > Ch 20: The Revolution In Energy and industry > Flashcards

Ch 20: The Revolution In Energy and industry Flashcards

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1
Q

Where did the industrial revolution begin?

A

Britain

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2
Q

Why was the scientific revolution and enlightenment a reason for the industrial revolution?

A

-new world view of progress and experimentation

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3
Q

Another reason for the industrial revolution was 17th century expansion of _____________ exports

A

Woolen cloth

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4
Q

Why were possession in the slave trade and Latin America reasons for the British industrial revolution?

A

Provided raw materials

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5
Q

Why was a revolution in agriculture important to the British industrial revolution?

A

Increased efficiency and the enclosure movement meant that their was a larger pool of workers for factories

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6
Q

Why were higher wages important to the start of the British industrial revolution?

A

Families could spend more on manufactured goods

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7
Q

What was the first breakthrough of the industrial revolution?

A

Creation of first machine powered factories in cotton textile industry

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8
Q

What problems existed in cottage industry?

A
  • 4-5 spinners were needed to keep one weaver employed

- original materials of wool and flax were hard to spin

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9
Q

Where was cotton originally imported from as a luxury?

A

India

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10
Q

Simple, inexpensive, hand powered machine for cotton spinning

A

Cotton spinning Jenny

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11
Q

Who invented the cotton spinning Jenny?

A

James Hargreaves

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12
Q

Who invented the water frame?

A

Richard Arkwright

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13
Q

Invented a machine capable of spinning fine thread in large quantities

A

Samuel Compton

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14
Q

All cotton spinning became concentrated in large scale _____________

A

Water powered factories

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15
Q

New technology meant cotton manufacturers were able to competed in _____________ markets

A

Foreign

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16
Q

Who invented the power loom?

A

Edmund Cartwright

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17
Q

Why were weavers and spinners reluctant to leave their cottages?

A

Poor factory conditions

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18
Q

Eighteenth century Europe relied on __________ for energy , but it was in short supply

A

Wood

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19
Q

Because of the lack of wood, the UK looked to __________ to produce mechanical energy

A

Coal

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20
Q

What was initially used to filter water in coal mines?

A

Animal powered pumps

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21
Q

Why were animal powered pumps problematic?

A

They were expensive and bothersome

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22
Q

Who initially invented the steam engine?

A

Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen

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23
Q

Who increased the efficiency of the steam engine?

A

James Watt

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24
Q

English industrialist who partnered with James Watt?

A

Matthew Boulton

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25
Q

Further improvements by Boulton and Watt made the steam engine a _________

A

Success

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26
Q

The steam engine provided almost ___________ power

A

Unlimited

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27
Q

What was the most fundamental advance in technology during the industrial revolution?

A

Steam engine

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28
Q

The steam engine transformed the British ________ industry

A

Iron

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29
Q

Why could coal originally not be used in the iron industry?

A

Fumes

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30
Q

Who developed the puddling furnace which allowed pig iron to be refined in turn w/ coke ?

A

Henry Court

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31
Q

The creation of rails capable of supporting heavy locomotives sparked experimentation with ___________

A

Steam engine locomotives

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32
Q

Who built the first locomotive?

A

Richard Trivethick

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33
Q

Famous for locomotive, Rocket

A

George Stephenson

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34
Q

Railroads reduced the cost and uncertainty of ________

A

Shipping

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35
Q

With the expansion of railroads, markets became _________

A

Larger

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36
Q

London industrial fair in 1851, celebrated new era of industrial technology

A

Great exhibition

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37
Q

Where was the great exhibition held?

A

Crystal palace

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38
Q

Nickname for England

A

Workshop of the world

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39
Q

The British ________ boom was key to industrial revolution

A

Population

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40
Q

Who wrote Essay on the Principles of Population

A

Thomas Malthus

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41
Q

What did Malthus think about population?

A

The only solution to the population problem was for ppl to marry later in life

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42
Q

Theory that pressure of population growth would lower wages

A

Iron law of wages

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43
Q

Who theorized the iron law of wages?

A

David Ricardo

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44
Q

After the ___________ other European countries began to adopt English methods

A

Napoleonic wars

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45
Q

Industrialization was more ______ outside of Western Europe

A

Gradual

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46
Q

In 1750 all countries were _________ in economic production

A

Equal

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47
Q

Country that led in emulating the British industrial model

A

Belgium

48
Q

France dominated what industry?

A

Luxury goods

49
Q

The rise of the German Lands and U.S. Industry

A

2nd industrial revolution

50
Q

________ and _________ European industrialization started later than western and central

A

Southern and eastern

51
Q

The non western world _________ in industry

A

Stagnated

52
Q

The revolutionary and economic wars halted economic development in ________ Europe

A

Western

53
Q

What factors slowed down machine powered industry?

A
  • British foods dominate industry
  • British technology was too complicated for foreigners to understand
  • steam power was expensive
  • workers resist move to factories
54
Q

What were Western European advantages to industry?

A
  • tradition of putting out enterprise
  • countries could borrow already invented British technology
  • strong independent governments promote industry
55
Q

Western Europe adopted _________ methods despite their resistance

A

British

56
Q

Until 1825 it was illegal for _______________ to leave Britain

A

Skilled mechanics and Artisans

57
Q

Until 1843, the export of ____________ was forbidden

A

Textile machinery

58
Q

Where did Cokerill build his industrial enterprise?

A

Leege Belgium

59
Q

What did Leege Belgium become?

A

Center for gathering and exchanging industrial information across Europe

60
Q

German machinery entrepreneur who looked to England for skilled mechanics and workers

A

Fritz Harkortz

61
Q

Laying high taxes on foreign goods to protect industry

A

Tariff protection

62
Q

What ways did governments protect industry?

A
  • tariffs

- building canals, roads, and railroads, to improve transportation

63
Q

The _________ government agreed to pay interest and railroad bonds for private companies

A

Prussian

64
Q

German who advocated for governmental support of industry

A

Frederich List

65
Q

What did list focus on?

A

Railroad building and tariffs

66
Q

List supported to formation of a customs union, or _________ among separate states

A

Zollverein

67
Q

What did the Zollverein do?

A
  • allowed goods to move between states without tariffs

- imposed a single tariff against other nations

68
Q

Banks had previously all been __________

A

Private

69
Q

Why had banks avoided industrial investment?

A

Too risky

70
Q

In the 1830’s, tow Belgium banks get permission to establish themselves as __________, meaning stockholders could only lose their original investment

A

Limited liability

71
Q

Limited liability attracted investors and banks began to promote __________

A

Industry

72
Q

Although Russia tried industrialization, most people remained in ____________

A

Rural servitude

73
Q

Russia instead became a source of ___________

A

Raw materials

74
Q

Why did Egypt fall short of industrialization?

A

They could not compete with the low priced European goods

75
Q

Like Russia, Egypt fell back on their ___________ exports

A

Agricultural

76
Q

Why didn’t Latin America industrialize?

A
  • distracted by wars for independence

- arrival of cheap British cotton destroys textile industry

77
Q

Western industry led other nations to become economically _________

A

Dependent

78
Q

Where did factories first emerge?

A

British countryside

79
Q

_______ and ______ women worked much more than married women

A

Poor, single

80
Q

When the cottage workers were reluctant to move to early factories , the owners turned to ___________

A

Pauper children

81
Q

Once industrialization was under way , workers became known has the _____________

A

Working class

82
Q

Sometimes entire ________ worked together

A

Families

83
Q

Many workers were migrants from __________

A

Ireland

84
Q

Scotland manufacturer who opposed hiring children

A

Robert Owen

85
Q

English laws form 1802-1833 that limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum hygiene and safety requirements

A

Factory acts

86
Q

The 1833 act imposed a system of full time ________ to enforce laws

A

Inspectors

87
Q

How did the factory acts effect families?

A

Broke system of family units working together

88
Q

The _______________ came with the collapse of child labor and change in family work patterns

A

Sexual division of labor

89
Q

What jobs did working women often work in?

A

Textiles, laundering, domestic service

90
Q

What were the reasons for the division in labor?

A
  • factory life hard on women
  • conflicted with child care
  • running a household was hard as it is, no time to work as well
  • illegitimate births when men and women worked together
91
Q

English law prohibiting under ground work for women and girls and boys under 10

A

Mine acts of 1842

92
Q

Industrial development led to a new class of _____________ and ____________ industrialists that strengthened the wealth of the middle class

A

Factory owners, industrialists

93
Q

Awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class whose interests might conflict with those of other classes

A

Class consciousness

94
Q

Early industrialists came from a variety of _________

A

Backgrounds

95
Q

What happened as factories and firms got bigger?

A

It became harder for people to start out and become successful

96
Q

Later industrialists likely _________ their enterprises

A

Inherited

97
Q

Wives and daughters of successful businessmen were ________ from the family business

A

Excluded

98
Q

Who were the first critics of the British industrial revolution?

A

Romantic poets

99
Q

Group of handicraft workers who attacked northern England factories in 1811, smashing machines they believed were putting them out of work

A

Luddites

100
Q

The pessimistic view of industry was reinforced by ______________ , the future revolutionary and colleague of Karl Marx

A

Frederich Engels

101
Q

What was the name of Engels’ book?

A

The condition of the working class

102
Q

What did “The condition of the Working class” say?

A

It blamed industrial capitalism for the poverty of the working class

103
Q

Wrote that the conditions for the working class were food

A

Andrew sure

104
Q

Laissez faire was a ________ idea

A

Liberal

105
Q

Outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business people over skilled artisans

A

Combination acts

106
Q

What did craft guilds think about the combination acts?

A

Resented and disregarded it

107
Q

Why did parliament repeal the combination acts in 1824?

A

Continued, widespread unionization

108
Q

Why was the industrial revolution so important?

A

It sparked a period of continuous economic growth

109
Q

Cotton manufacturer who attempted to create a single large national union

A

Robert Owen

110
Q

Largest early national union

A

Grand national consolidated trade union

111
Q

After collapse of Owens union, the country moved back to ________ unions

A

Craft

112
Q

Most famous craft union

A

Amalgamated Society of Engineers

113
Q

After Owens union, many workers joined the ___________ movement

A

Chartist

114
Q

What did the chartist movement seek?

A

Political democracy

115
Q

What was the main demand of the chartist movement?

A

That all men be given the right to vote

AP European History (16 decks)

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