Ch 20: The Revolution In Energy and industry Flashcards
Where did the industrial revolution begin?
Britain
Why was the scientific revolution and enlightenment a reason for the industrial revolution?
-new world view of progress and experimentation
Another reason for the industrial revolution was 17th century expansion of _____________ exports
Woolen cloth
Why were possession in the slave trade and Latin America reasons for the British industrial revolution?
Provided raw materials
Why was a revolution in agriculture important to the British industrial revolution?
Increased efficiency and the enclosure movement meant that their was a larger pool of workers for factories
Why were higher wages important to the start of the British industrial revolution?
Families could spend more on manufactured goods
What was the first breakthrough of the industrial revolution?
Creation of first machine powered factories in cotton textile industry
What problems existed in cottage industry?
- 4-5 spinners were needed to keep one weaver employed
- original materials of wool and flax were hard to spin
Where was cotton originally imported from as a luxury?
India
Simple, inexpensive, hand powered machine for cotton spinning
Cotton spinning Jenny
Who invented the cotton spinning Jenny?
James Hargreaves
Who invented the water frame?
Richard Arkwright
Invented a machine capable of spinning fine thread in large quantities
Samuel Compton
All cotton spinning became concentrated in large scale _____________
Water powered factories
New technology meant cotton manufacturers were able to competed in _____________ markets
Foreign
Who invented the power loom?
Edmund Cartwright
Why were weavers and spinners reluctant to leave their cottages?
Poor factory conditions
Eighteenth century Europe relied on __________ for energy , but it was in short supply
Wood
Because of the lack of wood, the UK looked to __________ to produce mechanical energy
Coal
What was initially used to filter water in coal mines?
Animal powered pumps
Why were animal powered pumps problematic?
They were expensive and bothersome
Who initially invented the steam engine?
Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen
Who increased the efficiency of the steam engine?
James Watt
English industrialist who partnered with James Watt?
Matthew Boulton
Further improvements by Boulton and Watt made the steam engine a _________
Success
The steam engine provided almost ___________ power
Unlimited
What was the most fundamental advance in technology during the industrial revolution?
Steam engine
The steam engine transformed the British ________ industry
Iron
Why could coal originally not be used in the iron industry?
Fumes
Who developed the puddling furnace which allowed pig iron to be refined in turn w/ coke ?
Henry Court
The creation of rails capable of supporting heavy locomotives sparked experimentation with ___________
Steam engine locomotives
Who built the first locomotive?
Richard Trivethick
Famous for locomotive, Rocket
George Stephenson
Railroads reduced the cost and uncertainty of ________
Shipping
With the expansion of railroads, markets became _________
Larger
London industrial fair in 1851, celebrated new era of industrial technology
Great exhibition
Where was the great exhibition held?
Crystal palace
Nickname for England
Workshop of the world
The British ________ boom was key to industrial revolution
Population
Who wrote Essay on the Principles of Population
Thomas Malthus
What did Malthus think about population?
The only solution to the population problem was for ppl to marry later in life
Theory that pressure of population growth would lower wages
Iron law of wages
Who theorized the iron law of wages?
David Ricardo
After the ___________ other European countries began to adopt English methods
Napoleonic wars
Industrialization was more ______ outside of Western Europe
Gradual
In 1750 all countries were _________ in economic production
Equal
Country that led in emulating the British industrial model
Belgium
France dominated what industry?
Luxury goods
The rise of the German Lands and U.S. Industry
2nd industrial revolution
________ and _________ European industrialization started later than western and central
Southern and eastern
The non western world _________ in industry
Stagnated
The revolutionary and economic wars halted economic development in ________ Europe
Western
What factors slowed down machine powered industry?
- British foods dominate industry
- British technology was too complicated for foreigners to understand
- steam power was expensive
- workers resist move to factories
What were Western European advantages to industry?
- tradition of putting out enterprise
- countries could borrow already invented British technology
- strong independent governments promote industry
Western Europe adopted _________ methods despite their resistance
British
Until 1825 it was illegal for _______________ to leave Britain
Skilled mechanics and Artisans
Until 1843, the export of ____________ was forbidden
Textile machinery
Where did Cokerill build his industrial enterprise?
Leege Belgium
What did Leege Belgium become?
Center for gathering and exchanging industrial information across Europe
German machinery entrepreneur who looked to England for skilled mechanics and workers
Fritz Harkortz
Laying high taxes on foreign goods to protect industry
Tariff protection
What ways did governments protect industry?
- tariffs
- building canals, roads, and railroads, to improve transportation
The _________ government agreed to pay interest and railroad bonds for private companies
Prussian
German who advocated for governmental support of industry
Frederich List
What did list focus on?
Railroad building and tariffs
List supported to formation of a customs union, or _________ among separate states
Zollverein
What did the Zollverein do?
- allowed goods to move between states without tariffs
- imposed a single tariff against other nations
Banks had previously all been __________
Private
Why had banks avoided industrial investment?
Too risky
In the 1830’s, tow Belgium banks get permission to establish themselves as __________, meaning stockholders could only lose their original investment
Limited liability
Limited liability attracted investors and banks began to promote __________
Industry
Although Russia tried industrialization, most people remained in ____________
Rural servitude
Russia instead became a source of ___________
Raw materials
Why did Egypt fall short of industrialization?
They could not compete with the low priced European goods
Like Russia, Egypt fell back on their ___________ exports
Agricultural
Why didn’t Latin America industrialize?
- distracted by wars for independence
- arrival of cheap British cotton destroys textile industry
Western industry led other nations to become economically _________
Dependent
Where did factories first emerge?
British countryside
_______ and ______ women worked much more than married women
Poor, single
When the cottage workers were reluctant to move to early factories , the owners turned to ___________
Pauper children
Once industrialization was under way , workers became known has the _____________
Working class
Sometimes entire ________ worked together
Families
Many workers were migrants from __________
Ireland
Scotland manufacturer who opposed hiring children
Robert Owen
English laws form 1802-1833 that limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum hygiene and safety requirements
Factory acts
The 1833 act imposed a system of full time ________ to enforce laws
Inspectors
How did the factory acts effect families?
Broke system of family units working together
The _______________ came with the collapse of child labor and change in family work patterns
Sexual division of labor
What jobs did working women often work in?
Textiles, laundering, domestic service
What were the reasons for the division in labor?
- factory life hard on women
- conflicted with child care
- running a household was hard as it is, no time to work as well
- illegitimate births when men and women worked together
English law prohibiting under ground work for women and girls and boys under 10
Mine acts of 1842
Industrial development led to a new class of _____________ and ____________ industrialists that strengthened the wealth of the middle class
Factory owners, industrialists
Awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class whose interests might conflict with those of other classes
Class consciousness
Early industrialists came from a variety of _________
Backgrounds
What happened as factories and firms got bigger?
It became harder for people to start out and become successful
Later industrialists likely _________ their enterprises
Inherited
Wives and daughters of successful businessmen were ________ from the family business
Excluded
Who were the first critics of the British industrial revolution?
Romantic poets
Group of handicraft workers who attacked northern England factories in 1811, smashing machines they believed were putting them out of work
Luddites
The pessimistic view of industry was reinforced by ______________ , the future revolutionary and colleague of Karl Marx
Frederich Engels
What was the name of Engels’ book?
The condition of the working class
What did “The condition of the Working class” say?
It blamed industrial capitalism for the poverty of the working class
Wrote that the conditions for the working class were food
Andrew sure
Laissez faire was a ________ idea
Liberal
Outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business people over skilled artisans
Combination acts
What did craft guilds think about the combination acts?
Resented and disregarded it
Why did parliament repeal the combination acts in 1824?
Continued, widespread unionization
Why was the industrial revolution so important?
It sparked a period of continuous economic growth
Cotton manufacturer who attempted to create a single large national union
Robert Owen
Largest early national union
Grand national consolidated trade union
After collapse of Owens union, the country moved back to ________ unions
Craft
Most famous craft union
Amalgamated Society of Engineers
After Owens union, many workers joined the ___________ movement
Chartist
What did the chartist movement seek?
Political democracy
What was the main demand of the chartist movement?
That all men be given the right to vote
