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AP European History > Ch 28: Cold War Conflict and Consensus > Flashcards

Ch 28: Cold War Conflict and Consensus Flashcards

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1
Q

The rivalry between the Soviet Union and unites States that divided much of Europe into two blocs

A

Cold War

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2
Q

post war refugees, including Germans, former Nazi prisoners and forced laborers, and children

A

Displaced Persons

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3
Q

Organization that opened Displaced Persons camps and spent money to house, feed, and clothe refugees

A

Unites Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA)

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4
Q

Why was going home not always the best option for refugees?

A
  • Soviet union saw citizens who had spent time in the west politically unreliable
  • Persistant antisemitism made Jewish people unwelcome in their homelands
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5
Q

________ families and communities were destroyed in the war

A

Jewish

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6
Q

After WWII Germany and Austria was split into four occupational zones controlled by what four countries?

A

US, SU, UK, France

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7
Q

_______ collected substantial reparations from their zone in Eastern Germany and former allies Hungary and Romania

A

Soviet Union

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8
Q

French women were accused of _________, having sexual relations with Nazi soldiers

A

Horizontal Collaboration

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9
Q

Germany and Austria set up ___________ procedures that involved eradicating the National Socialist ideology and punishing Nazis

A

denazification

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10
Q

Tried highest ranking Nazi military and civilian leaders, marked the last time the four allies worked closely together

A

Nuremberg Trials

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11
Q

Thourough denazification was ________ and those who cooperated with the allies were given leniancy

A

Impractical

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12
Q

The Big Three

A

Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill

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13
Q

Conference crucial for determining post war wold, reaffirmed the allied determination to crush Germany, discussed Poland’s post war boundaries and war strategy

A

Teheran Conference

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14
Q

What did Stalin ask Churchill and Roosevelt at the Teheran Conference?

A

Open a second front in Germany occupied France

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15
Q

How did Churchill respond to Stalins proposition?

A

He said that the UK and US should indirectly attack Germany

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16
Q

What did Roosevelt believe about opening a second front?

A

He agreed with Stalin, but the invasion date was set later than Stalin wanted

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17
Q

What was determined at the Yalta conference?

A
  • Each occupied power would control a German Zone
  • Germany would pay heavy reparations to the SU
  • Stalin would declare war on Japan after German defeat
  • SU would incorporate the polish territories it had acquired
  • New governments in SU occupied Europe would be freely elected
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18
Q

What term of the Yalta conference was violated by the SU immediately after the war?

A

Freely elected Eastern Europe

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19
Q

Stalin was determined to establish a _________ zone of sympathetic stares around the Soviet Union

A

buffer zone

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20
Q

When did Truman cut aid to the soviet union?

A

After Japanese defeat

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21
Q

Who said that an “iron curtain” had descended across Europe?

A

Winston Churchill

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22
Q

What Eastern Bloc nation initially had free elections that had communist success?

A

Czechoslovakia

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23
Q

What country had the largest communist party outside of the soviet occupied nations?

A

Italy

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24
Q

Americas policy geared to containing communist to countries under soviet control

A

Truman Doctrine

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25
Q

The United States provided aid to ________ and ________ to help counter Soviet threat. They both remained in the west bloc

A

Turkey and Greece

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26
Q

Why did America provide economic aid to West Europe?

A

Truman recognized that a stable Western Europe would be necessary to block soviet appeal

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27
Q

American plan for providing economic aid to Western Europe, one of the most successful foreign programs in history. Initially offered to eastern nations, but rejected

A

Marshall Plan

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28
Q

Economic organization of Communist states intended to rebuild the East Bloc independently of the West

A

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)

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29
Q

In which the SU blocked all traffic through the soviet zone of Germany

A

Berline Blockade

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30
Q

Why did the SU initiate the Berlin Blockade

A
  • fearful of US presence in Europe after Western nations replaced the currency in West Germany
  • Fearful because of growing ties between UK, France, and Netherlands
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31
Q

What was the ultimate effect of the Berlin Blockade?

A

The creation of two German States

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32
Q

West German State

A

Federal Republic of Germany

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33
Q

East German State

A

German Democratic Republic

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34
Q

Anti Soviet military alliance of Western governments formed by the Unites States

A

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

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35
Q

_______ joined NATo in 1955 and was allowed to rebuild their military to join the defense of West Europe

A

West Germany

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36
Q

Military alliance among Soviet Union and its communist satellites

A

Warsaw Pact

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37
Q

New model for science

A

Big Science

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38
Q

First man made satellite to orbit the earth, launched by the SU

A

Sputnik

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39
Q

Nuclear weapons and the space race was made possible by _________________

A

computer technology

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40
Q

Big science led to more ________ research, which increased food output

A

agricultural

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41
Q

The immediate post war european economy was _______

A

terrible

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42
Q

What did the Korean war do to the economy?

A

It stimulated the economy

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43
Q

Term contemporaries used to describe the rapid economic growth in Europe

A

Economic Miracle

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44
Q

Center right political parties that rose to power in Western Europe, rejected authoritarianism/nationalism, championed return to traditional family values

A

Christian Democrats

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45
Q

Although Spain, Portugal, and Greece supported NATO in the Cold War, they established _______________

A

Authoritarian govs

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46
Q

their was an _______ in western living standards

A

increase

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47
Q

Linked western currencies to the US dollar, established International Monetary Fund

A

Bretton Woods Agreement

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48
Q

What was a requirement for Europe to get Marshall Plan Aid?

A

They had to cooperate with each other

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49
Q

What did the federalists hope for the Council of Europe?

A

That it would evolve into a European Parliament

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50
Q

After the UK refused for the establishment of a European Parliament, what did the federalists look to for unity?

A

Economics

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51
Q

Organization formed to control and integrate European Coal and steel production

A

European Coal and Steel community

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52
Q

What countries founded the European Coal and Steel Community?

A

West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands, and France

53
Q

The six countries that founded the European Coal and Steel community signed this treaty to create a Common Market

A

Treaty of Rome

54
Q

What was the first goal of the common market?

A

reduction of all tariffs among the six nations and to create a single market

55
Q

Who led french nationalism? He withdrew France from NATO and pursued France’s own nuclear projects

A

Charles de Gaulle

56
Q

What did De Gaulle say was the main threat to French and European independence?

A

US

57
Q

organization dedicated to maintaining Russian control over Communist parties abroad

A

Communist Info Bureau

58
Q

All satellite countries established a communist party tied to _____

A

Moscow

59
Q

Only East Bloc nation that remained independent, led by Joseph Broz Tito

A

Yugoslavia

60
Q

Why was Yugoslavia able to resist soviet control?

A

SU didn’t have an army their

61
Q

Under Stalin, communists gave priority to ___________ and ________ over consumer goods

A

heavy industry and military

62
Q

Soviet Agriculture was extremely ___________

A

collectivized

63
Q

What was the main problem with Stalins economic systems?

A

Shortages of basic household needs

64
Q

Low pay and harsh working conditions sparked open revolt in ________, eventually put down by SU troops

A

Eastern Germany

65
Q

Soviet artists and writers were forced to conform to ____________ that idealized working class and SU

A

Socialist Realism

66
Q

Eastern Bloc nations resembled the Soviet Union but with less __________

A

Police terror

67
Q

Who succeeded Stalin?

A

Nikita Khrushchev

68
Q

Khrushchev initiated a period of ____________, liberalization of the Post Stalin Soviet Union

A

De-stalinization

69
Q

Khrushchev called for ___________ with the west

A

peaceful coexistence

70
Q

With Khrushchev’s power came an ___________ standard of living in the Eastern Bloc

A

Increased

71
Q

The Soviet Union negotiated for independence of a neutral _______, which had previously been under allied control

A

Austria

72
Q

Cold War relations ________ with Khrushchev

A

relaxed

73
Q

Eastern Germany ______ de-stalinization

A

rejected

74
Q

In Poland and Hungary, de-stalinization stimulated ___________

A

rebelliousness

75
Q

What was the result of extensive public demonstrations in Poland?

A

New Government

76
Q

How did Poland win more independence from SU control?

A

By promising to follow the Warsaw Pact

77
Q

Who led the Hungarian Rebellion?

A

Students and Workers

78
Q

Who was elected Prime Minister of Hungary?

A

Imre Nagy (Liberal Communist Reformer)

79
Q

What were the goals of Imre Nagy?

A
  • Democratize Hungary, though he never waned to renounce communism
  • Multiparty elections
  • Relaxation of political repression
80
Q

What caused Soviet Troops to move into Hungary?

A

Nagy announced Hungary would renounce the Warsaw Pact

81
Q

A more __________ government was instilled after Nagy

A

Conservative

82
Q

What did the Hungarian Uprising do to support for communism?

A

It weakened support for soviet style communism in Western Europe

83
Q

What were the lasting effects of the Hungarian Uprising?

A

It showed the allies that the Soviet Union was willing got use force to defend communism and that open war would be the only way to overturn communist rule

84
Q

Why did opposition to Khrushchev increase in the communist party during the 60’s?

A

His reform was seen as a dangerous threat to Communist Authority

85
Q

Who built the Berlin Wall?

A

Eastern Germany with the backing of Khrushchev

86
Q

Khrushchev ordered nuclear missiles to be installed in Fidel Castro’s Communist _______

A

Cuba

87
Q

How did JFK react to the Cuban Missile Crises?

A

Naval Blockade of Cuba

88
Q

What was the compromise made between the US and SU that brought an end to the Cuban Missile Crises?

A

-SU would remove missiles if the US promised not to disturb Castro’s regime

89
Q

Khrushchev’s authority ____________ after the Cuban Missile Crises

A

declined

90
Q

Who succeeded Khrushchev?

A

Leonid Brezhnev

91
Q

Brezhnev began a period of _________ and economic __________

A

re-stalinization, stagnation

92
Q

What was Brezhnev’s attitude towards Stalin?

A

He talked of Stalins good points and downplayed his crimes

93
Q

Brezhnev launched a massive _____________

A

arms build up

94
Q

Post war reversal of Europe’s overseas expansion; caused by rising demands of colonized people, declining power of european nations, and the freedoms promised by SU and US ideals

A

decolonization

95
Q

How did WWII contribute to decolonization?

A

WWII undermined Europeans belief in their superiority, and left the Western economy and military unstable

96
Q

What was communists attitude towards decolonization?/

A

They advocated rebellion in developing countries

97
Q

Policy of many newly independent nations to remain neutral in the cold war

A

nonalignment

98
Q

First major revolution after WWII

A

Netherlands vs Dutch East Indies

99
Q

What did France try to do in indochina after WWII?

A

Re-establish colonial rule

100
Q

Vietnam was left with a Communist _______ and Pro Western ________

A

North, South

101
Q

Who led National opposition to British rule in India?

A

Ghandi

102
Q

What was Ghandi’s method to protest against the British?

A

non-violent noncooperation

103
Q

What two groups experienced a conflict in India?

A

Muslims and Hindus

104
Q

What did Muslims and the UK want to do to settle the conflict in India?

A

Divide India into two separate states

105
Q

New muslim nation created from predominantly muslim part of India

A

Pakistan

106
Q

Who led the communist forces in the Chinese Civil War?

A

Mao Zedong

107
Q

Who led the authoritarian forces in the Chines Civil War?

A

Jiang

108
Q

What did the United Nations vote in the issue of Palestine after the UK decolonized there?

A

Divide into an Arab and a Jewish State

109
Q

Jewish state founded from Palestine

A

Israel

110
Q

What triggered the nationalist revolution in Egypt?

A

Arab defeat in Palestine

111
Q

What did the leader of the Egyptian revolution do that ticked off Western governments?

A

nationalized the suez canal

112
Q

What were the effects of the Suez Crises?

A

It showed that european powers could no longer hold their empires; demonstrated the appeal of non-allignment

113
Q

How were the majority of Britains African Colonies given independence?

A

with little bloodshed and induction into the British commonwealth

114
Q

What sparked an anti colonial movement in Belgian Congo?

A

Apartheid

115
Q

What was the result of Belgium leaving Congo so quickly?

A

Chaos

116
Q

How did the US respond to the situation in Congo?

A

They feared it would succumb to communism so the CIA staged a coup

117
Q

Algerian Rebels under Communist influence established the ________________

A

National Liberation Front

118
Q

post colonial system that perpetuated western economic exploitation in former colonial territories

A

neocolonialism

119
Q

How did class structure change during the cold war?

A
  • Class distinctions became fuzzier

- Growing middle class

120
Q

In the East and West , who represented the model for the Middle Class?

A

Managers and Civil Servants

121
Q

____________ replaced landowners as the leaders of the Middle Class

A

White Collar Workers

122
Q

Their was a _______ in industrial workers

A

decrease

123
Q

_________ increased lower class living standards

A

Welfare benefits

124
Q

What was the general pattern of migration?

A

South to North

125
Q

Government programs in West Europe designed to recruit labor for the booming economy

A

Guest Worker Programs

126
Q

Postwar moment of people from former colonies and the developing world into Europe

A

Post Colonial Migration

127
Q

Their was a postwar _____ boom

A

baby

128
Q

How did life change for women during this time period?

A

Pregnancy and child care were smaller parts of women’s lives

AP European History (16 decks)

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