Ch 28: Cold War Conflict and Consensus Flashcards
The rivalry between the Soviet Union and unites States that divided much of Europe into two blocs
Cold War
post war refugees, including Germans, former Nazi prisoners and forced laborers, and children
Displaced Persons
Organization that opened Displaced Persons camps and spent money to house, feed, and clothe refugees
Unites Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA)
Why was going home not always the best option for refugees?
- Soviet union saw citizens who had spent time in the west politically unreliable
- Persistant antisemitism made Jewish people unwelcome in their homelands
________ families and communities were destroyed in the war
Jewish
After WWII Germany and Austria was split into four occupational zones controlled by what four countries?
US, SU, UK, France
_______ collected substantial reparations from their zone in Eastern Germany and former allies Hungary and Romania
Soviet Union
French women were accused of _________, having sexual relations with Nazi soldiers
Horizontal Collaboration
Germany and Austria set up ___________ procedures that involved eradicating the National Socialist ideology and punishing Nazis
denazification
Tried highest ranking Nazi military and civilian leaders, marked the last time the four allies worked closely together
Nuremberg Trials
Thourough denazification was ________ and those who cooperated with the allies were given leniancy
Impractical
The Big Three
Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill
Conference crucial for determining post war wold, reaffirmed the allied determination to crush Germany, discussed Poland’s post war boundaries and war strategy
Teheran Conference
What did Stalin ask Churchill and Roosevelt at the Teheran Conference?
Open a second front in Germany occupied France
How did Churchill respond to Stalins proposition?
He said that the UK and US should indirectly attack Germany
What did Roosevelt believe about opening a second front?
He agreed with Stalin, but the invasion date was set later than Stalin wanted
What was determined at the Yalta conference?
- Each occupied power would control a German Zone
- Germany would pay heavy reparations to the SU
- Stalin would declare war on Japan after German defeat
- SU would incorporate the polish territories it had acquired
- New governments in SU occupied Europe would be freely elected
What term of the Yalta conference was violated by the SU immediately after the war?
Freely elected Eastern Europe
Stalin was determined to establish a _________ zone of sympathetic stares around the Soviet Union
buffer zone
When did Truman cut aid to the soviet union?
After Japanese defeat
Who said that an “iron curtain” had descended across Europe?
Winston Churchill
What Eastern Bloc nation initially had free elections that had communist success?
Czechoslovakia
What country had the largest communist party outside of the soviet occupied nations?
Italy
Americas policy geared to containing communist to countries under soviet control
Truman Doctrine
The United States provided aid to ________ and ________ to help counter Soviet threat. They both remained in the west bloc
Turkey and Greece
Why did America provide economic aid to West Europe?
Truman recognized that a stable Western Europe would be necessary to block soviet appeal
American plan for providing economic aid to Western Europe, one of the most successful foreign programs in history. Initially offered to eastern nations, but rejected
Marshall Plan
Economic organization of Communist states intended to rebuild the East Bloc independently of the West
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)
In which the SU blocked all traffic through the soviet zone of Germany
Berline Blockade
Why did the SU initiate the Berlin Blockade
- fearful of US presence in Europe after Western nations replaced the currency in West Germany
- Fearful because of growing ties between UK, France, and Netherlands
What was the ultimate effect of the Berlin Blockade?
The creation of two German States
West German State
Federal Republic of Germany
East German State
German Democratic Republic
Anti Soviet military alliance of Western governments formed by the Unites States
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
_______ joined NATo in 1955 and was allowed to rebuild their military to join the defense of West Europe
West Germany
Military alliance among Soviet Union and its communist satellites
Warsaw Pact
New model for science
Big Science
First man made satellite to orbit the earth, launched by the SU
Sputnik
Nuclear weapons and the space race was made possible by _________________
computer technology
Big science led to more ________ research, which increased food output
agricultural
The immediate post war european economy was _______
terrible
What did the Korean war do to the economy?
It stimulated the economy
Term contemporaries used to describe the rapid economic growth in Europe
Economic Miracle
Center right political parties that rose to power in Western Europe, rejected authoritarianism/nationalism, championed return to traditional family values
Christian Democrats
Although Spain, Portugal, and Greece supported NATO in the Cold War, they established _______________
Authoritarian govs
their was an _______ in western living standards
increase
Linked western currencies to the US dollar, established International Monetary Fund
Bretton Woods Agreement
What was a requirement for Europe to get Marshall Plan Aid?
They had to cooperate with each other
What did the federalists hope for the Council of Europe?
That it would evolve into a European Parliament
After the UK refused for the establishment of a European Parliament, what did the federalists look to for unity?
Economics
Organization formed to control and integrate European Coal and steel production
European Coal and Steel community
What countries founded the European Coal and Steel Community?
West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands, and France
The six countries that founded the European Coal and Steel community signed this treaty to create a Common Market
Treaty of Rome
What was the first goal of the common market?
reduction of all tariffs among the six nations and to create a single market
Who led french nationalism? He withdrew France from NATO and pursued France’s own nuclear projects
Charles de Gaulle
What did De Gaulle say was the main threat to French and European independence?
US
organization dedicated to maintaining Russian control over Communist parties abroad
Communist Info Bureau
All satellite countries established a communist party tied to _____
Moscow
Only East Bloc nation that remained independent, led by Joseph Broz Tito
Yugoslavia
Why was Yugoslavia able to resist soviet control?
SU didn’t have an army their
Under Stalin, communists gave priority to ___________ and ________ over consumer goods
heavy industry and military
Soviet Agriculture was extremely ___________
collectivized
What was the main problem with Stalins economic systems?
Shortages of basic household needs
Low pay and harsh working conditions sparked open revolt in ________, eventually put down by SU troops
Eastern Germany
Soviet artists and writers were forced to conform to ____________ that idealized working class and SU
Socialist Realism
Eastern Bloc nations resembled the Soviet Union but with less __________
Police terror
Who succeeded Stalin?
Nikita Khrushchev
Khrushchev initiated a period of ____________, liberalization of the Post Stalin Soviet Union
De-stalinization
Khrushchev called for ___________ with the west
peaceful coexistence
With Khrushchev’s power came an ___________ standard of living in the Eastern Bloc
Increased
The Soviet Union negotiated for independence of a neutral _______, which had previously been under allied control
Austria
Cold War relations ________ with Khrushchev
relaxed
Eastern Germany ______ de-stalinization
rejected
In Poland and Hungary, de-stalinization stimulated ___________
rebelliousness
What was the result of extensive public demonstrations in Poland?
New Government
How did Poland win more independence from SU control?
By promising to follow the Warsaw Pact
Who led the Hungarian Rebellion?
Students and Workers
Who was elected Prime Minister of Hungary?
Imre Nagy (Liberal Communist Reformer)
What were the goals of Imre Nagy?
- Democratize Hungary, though he never waned to renounce communism
- Multiparty elections
- Relaxation of political repression
What caused Soviet Troops to move into Hungary?
Nagy announced Hungary would renounce the Warsaw Pact
A more __________ government was instilled after Nagy
Conservative
What did the Hungarian Uprising do to support for communism?
It weakened support for soviet style communism in Western Europe
What were the lasting effects of the Hungarian Uprising?
It showed the allies that the Soviet Union was willing got use force to defend communism and that open war would be the only way to overturn communist rule
Why did opposition to Khrushchev increase in the communist party during the 60’s?
His reform was seen as a dangerous threat to Communist Authority
Who built the Berlin Wall?
Eastern Germany with the backing of Khrushchev
Khrushchev ordered nuclear missiles to be installed in Fidel Castro’s Communist _______
Cuba
How did JFK react to the Cuban Missile Crises?
Naval Blockade of Cuba
What was the compromise made between the US and SU that brought an end to the Cuban Missile Crises?
-SU would remove missiles if the US promised not to disturb Castro’s regime
Khrushchev’s authority ____________ after the Cuban Missile Crises
declined
Who succeeded Khrushchev?
Leonid Brezhnev
Brezhnev began a period of _________ and economic __________
re-stalinization, stagnation
What was Brezhnev’s attitude towards Stalin?
He talked of Stalins good points and downplayed his crimes
Brezhnev launched a massive _____________
arms build up
Post war reversal of Europe’s overseas expansion; caused by rising demands of colonized people, declining power of european nations, and the freedoms promised by SU and US ideals
decolonization
How did WWII contribute to decolonization?
WWII undermined Europeans belief in their superiority, and left the Western economy and military unstable
What was communists attitude towards decolonization?/
They advocated rebellion in developing countries
Policy of many newly independent nations to remain neutral in the cold war
nonalignment
First major revolution after WWII
Netherlands vs Dutch East Indies
What did France try to do in indochina after WWII?
Re-establish colonial rule
Vietnam was left with a Communist _______ and Pro Western ________
North, South
Who led National opposition to British rule in India?
Ghandi
What was Ghandi’s method to protest against the British?
non-violent noncooperation
What two groups experienced a conflict in India?
Muslims and Hindus
What did Muslims and the UK want to do to settle the conflict in India?
Divide India into two separate states
New muslim nation created from predominantly muslim part of India
Pakistan
Who led the communist forces in the Chinese Civil War?
Mao Zedong
Who led the authoritarian forces in the Chines Civil War?
Jiang
What did the United Nations vote in the issue of Palestine after the UK decolonized there?
Divide into an Arab and a Jewish State
Jewish state founded from Palestine
Israel
What triggered the nationalist revolution in Egypt?
Arab defeat in Palestine
What did the leader of the Egyptian revolution do that ticked off Western governments?
nationalized the suez canal
What were the effects of the Suez Crises?
It showed that european powers could no longer hold their empires; demonstrated the appeal of non-allignment
How were the majority of Britains African Colonies given independence?
with little bloodshed and induction into the British commonwealth
What sparked an anti colonial movement in Belgian Congo?
Apartheid
What was the result of Belgium leaving Congo so quickly?
Chaos
How did the US respond to the situation in Congo?
They feared it would succumb to communism so the CIA staged a coup
Algerian Rebels under Communist influence established the ________________
National Liberation Front
post colonial system that perpetuated western economic exploitation in former colonial territories
neocolonialism
How did class structure change during the cold war?
- Class distinctions became fuzzier
- Growing middle class
In the East and West , who represented the model for the Middle Class?
Managers and Civil Servants
____________ replaced landowners as the leaders of the Middle Class
White Collar Workers
Their was a _______ in industrial workers
decrease
_________ increased lower class living standards
Welfare benefits
What was the general pattern of migration?
South to North
Government programs in West Europe designed to recruit labor for the booming economy
Guest Worker Programs
Postwar moment of people from former colonies and the developing world into Europe
Post Colonial Migration
Their was a postwar _____ boom
baby
How did life change for women during this time period?
Pregnancy and child care were smaller parts of women’s lives
