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AP European History > Ch 26: The Age of Anxiety > Flashcards

Ch 26: The Age of Anxiety Flashcards

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1
Q

German philosopher who believed that reason, progress, and respectability were constructs that suffocated excellence, rejected religion though he was the son of a lutheran minister

A

Friederich Nietzsche

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2
Q

Nietzsche’s book in which he said that the west had overemphasized rationality and stifled authentic passions and animal instincts

A

Untimely Meditations

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3
Q

Nietzsche warned that wester society was entering a period of _______, the idea that human life is without meaning, truth, or purpose

A

nihilism

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4
Q

Nietzsche’s ideas were fundamental to the rise of the philosophy of _____________

A

existentialism

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5
Q

idea that what we know myst be base on empirically proven facts, concluded that theology was meaningless because it could not be proven

A

logical positivism

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6
Q

What Austrian philosopher became associated with Logical positivism

A

Ludwig Wittgenstein

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7
Q

Wittgenstein believed that philosophy should focus on the study of _________

A

language

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8
Q

Where was logical positivism most popular as World War I progressed?

A

english speaking countries

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9
Q

a philosophy that stresses the meaningless of existence and the importance of the individual in searching for moral values in an uncertain world

A

existentialism

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10
Q

As World War I progressed, where was existentialism most popular?

A

continental Europe

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11
Q

What were most existentialists beliefs in god and religion ?

A

most were atheists

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12
Q

How did existentialism gain popularity in Germany in the 1920’s?

A

Philosophers Martin Heidegger and Karl Jaspers found an audience in post war university students

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13
Q

When and where did existentialism become the most popular?

A

France during and immediately after World War II

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14
Q

The decades after World War I witnessed a ________ revival

A

religious

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15
Q

people who stressed human’s sinful nature, their need for faith, and the mystery of god’s forgiveness

A

Christian Existentialists

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16
Q

Christian revival was spread by the work of _____________

A

Kierkegaard

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17
Q

What was Kierkegaard’s main belief on religion?

A

It was impossible to prove hesitance of god, but rejected the notion that christianity was an empty practice

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18
Q

Kierkegaard’s essay that said that people must take a leap of faith and accept an unknowable but awesome god

A

Sickness Unto Death

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19
Q

Protestant theologian who said that religion shouldn’t be approached with reason, but with trust and obedience

A

Karl Barth

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20
Q

This new wave of science challenged the comfort that came with the rational viewpoint that all science could be empirically proven

A

The New Physics

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21
Q

What was the first step to New Physics?

A

The discovery that atoms were made of smaller particles

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22
Q

What was the implication of Planck’s quantum theory?

A

People began to question whether matter and energy were the same thing

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23
Q

Einstein’s theory that time and space are relative to the observer and only the speed of light remains constant

A

Theory of Special Relativity

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24
Q

What was this age in physics called?

A

the heroic age in physics

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25
Q

Scientist who showed that the atom could be split

A

Ernest Rutherford

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26
Q

principle that nature itself is unknowable and unpredictable, theorized by Werner Heisenberg

A

Uncertainty Principle

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27
Q

Psychologist who theorized that human behavior was driven by the unconscious and was irrational

A

Sigmund Freud

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28
Q

What were the three structures of the self described by Freud?

A

id, ego, superego

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29
Q

Freud’s book that said that civilization was possible only when people renounce their irrational instincts to live peacefully in groups

A

“Civilization and it’s Discontents”

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30
Q

Label givent to the artistic and cultural movements of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, radical experimentation that challenged traditional forms of artistic expression

A

Modernism

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31
Q

What country pioneered the new architecture?

A

The United States

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32
Q

Who led the Chicago School of Architects?

A

Louis Sullivan

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33
Q

belief that buildings should serve the purpose they were made for with little extra ornamentation

A

functionalism

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34
Q

Who wrote “Towards a New Architecture” that laid the out the guidelines to revolutionize building design

A

Le Corbusier

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35
Q

Where was european architecture centered before the rise of Hitler?

A

German speaking countries

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36
Q

Interdisciplinary school of fine and applied arts in Weimar that brought together leading architects, designers, and theatrical innovators

A

Bauhaus

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37
Q

Who founded the Bauhaus school?

A

Walter Gropius `

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38
Q

Artists in this movement tried to portray their sensory impressions and looked to the world around them for subject matter. Not precise.

A

Impressionism

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39
Q

Built on impressionist color and light, but added a deep psychological meaning to their art

A

Expressionists

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40
Q

Who founded cubism?

A

Pablo Picasso

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41
Q

Art movement founded in Zurich that attacked all accepted standards of art and behavior and delighted in outrageous conduct, believed that the war had shown that life was meaningless so art should be too

A

Dadaism

42
Q

Art movement influenced by Freudian Psychology, portrayed imaged of the unconscious in their art

A

Surrealism

43
Q

literary technique that used internal monologues to explore the human psyche

A

stream of consciousness technique

44
Q

writers rejected the idea of ______

A

progress

45
Q

Wrote dark novels about helps individuals like “The Metamorphoses”

A

Franz Kafka

46
Q

Modern music flourished in ______ and _______

A

opera, ballet

47
Q

How did transportation contribute to a consumer culture?

A

It allowed for the expansion of national markets

48
Q

The marketing of fashion, personal care products, and makeup encouraged a cult of youthful _________

A

sex appeal

49
Q

travel ________ with the rise of consumer society

A

increased

50
Q

_____________ epitomized the new consumer society

A

Department stores

51
Q

How did consumer society undermine social differences?

A

-It democratized society- everyone with means could purchase goods

52
Q

How did consumer society reinforce social differences?

A
  • Companies marketed goods to specific groups

- The cost of some things meant that only the wealthy could purchase them

53
Q

how did consumer society transform women’s lives?

A
  • alliances and technology changed housework

- public visibly for girls and women

54
Q

Image of the modern and industrial working women in the 1920’s

A

Modern Girl

55
Q

How was the “modern girl” a stereotype in some ways?

A
  • product of marketing campaigns dedicated to selling goods

- few young women could afford to live up the image, even with jobs

56
Q

How did consumerism and World War I effect women’s overall behavior

A

loosened morals

57
Q

Where was the influence of mass culture most evident?

A

Commercial entertainment

58
Q

Why did World War I quicken the pace of entertainment media?

A

National leaders realized that movies and radios where quick ways to spread propaganda

59
Q

What country dominated the competitive film business?

A

The United States

60
Q

Who directed the series of epic films in Russia that dramatized the communist view of Russian History?

A

Sergei Eisentein

61
Q

________ encouraged cinema in russia

A

Lenin

62
Q

Documentary propaganda directed by Leni Riefenstahl based not the 1934 Nazi Party Rally at Nuremberg

A

Triumph of The Will

63
Q

Who controlled european radio broadcasting?

A

government

64
Q

How did France view the Treaty of Versailles?

A

France wanted the reparations that Germany owed them and saw them necessary to their growth and reconstruction after the war

65
Q

How did Britain view the Treaty of Versailles?

A

They saw a healthy Germany as vital to the British economy because Germany had been Britain’s second largest market before WWI

66
Q

Book written by British Economist John Keynes, said that harsh reparations on Germany would hurt all countries and encourage Bolshevism, renounced the Treaty of Versailles

A

The Economic Consequence of Peace

67
Q

Britain was suspicious of the large french ________

A

Army

68
Q

Why was Britain suspicious of French Foreign Policy?

A

france had turned to the newly formed Central european nations as ally’s

69
Q

What happened when Germany was due to make their second payment?

A

They said that they were unable to pay any more, and proposed a moratorium on reparations for three years

70
Q

How did the English feel about the proposal of a moratorium?

A

They were willing to accept it

71
Q

How did the French respond to Germany’s proposal?

A

They invaded the Ruhr district, the heart of German industry

72
Q

How did the German government respond to the french occupation of Ruhr valley?

A

they ordered the ruhr valley workers to stop working and offer passive resistance to the french

73
Q

How did the French respond to the passive resistance?

A

They sealed of Rhineland and the Ruhr form Germany, letting in only food to prevent starvation

74
Q

How did the German government try to fix their financial problems?

A

Printing more money

75
Q

What moderate leader came to power in Germany in 1923?

A

Gustav Stressmann

76
Q

How did Gustav Stressmann attempt to fix the situation in the Ruhr Valley?

A
  • Called of the passive resistance in the Ruhr
  • Agreed in principle to pay for the reparations
  • asked for the reexamination go Germany’s ability to pay
77
Q

Who led the international committee of financial experts who met to reexamine the German reparations in 1924?

A

Charles Dawes

78
Q

What did the Dawes Plan entail?

A
  • Germany’s yearly reparations would be reduced and linked to the amount of economic output
  • Would receive large loans from the unites states
79
Q

Where did European leaders sign a series of agreements in 1925?

A

Locarno, Switzerland

80
Q

Germany and France accepted their common ________

A

border

81
Q

Germany didn’t settle permanent borders on the ________

A

east

82
Q

Pact that renounced war as an instrument of international policy

A

Kellogg-Briand Pact

83
Q

Most of the working class in Germany supported what party?

A

Social Democrats

84
Q

In France, what two parties were fighting for support of the working class?

A

Socialist and Communists

85
Q

What was the biggest problem in the United Kingdom?

A

unemployment

86
Q

This party took the place of the Liberal Party in Great Britain, they championed the working class and promoted greater social equality

A

The Labour Party

87
Q

Worldwide economic depression from 1929-1939, unique in its severity and duration; slow and uneven recovery

A

Great Depression

88
Q

What sparked the worldwide depression?

A

The US stock market crash in October of 1929

89
Q

it became hard for european businesses to ______________

A

borrow money

90
Q

How did frantic europeans react to the bank situation?

A

They frantically withdrew their money from banks

91
Q

Countries began to go off of the _______ standard of currency to prevent from lowering the value of their currency?

A

gold

92
Q

Countries began to follow the US example of raising _____________

A

protective tariffs

93
Q

What 2 factors led to the worldwide depression?

A
  • The international economy lacked leadership able to maintain stable
  • Instead of raising spending to stimulate economy, countries cut spending
94
Q

How did most countries deal with the poverty that came with the mass unemployment?

A

They offered aid or benefits

95
Q

What democratic nation responded the most successfully to the Great Depression?

A

Scandinavian countries

96
Q

What factors helped Britain come back from the depression?

A
  • Increase in the new technology and automobile industries

- focus on national not international markets

97
Q

Why did the Great Depression hit France later than other countries?

A

France was less industrialized and had a more isolated economy

98
Q

Short lived New Deal inspired alliance in France led by Leon Blum that encouraged union movement and launched social reform

A

Popular Front

99
Q

What became the strongest party in France?

A

The Socialist Party, led by Blum

100
Q

Who was the Popular Front an alliance between?

A

Radicals, Communists, Socialists

AP European History (16 decks)

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