Ch 21: Ideologies And Upheavels Flashcards
A meeting of the quadruple alliance and France to fashion a peace settlement
The congress of Vienna
What were the lenient terms given to France in the congress of Vienna?
- agreement to the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty
- first treaty of Paris
- did not have to pay reparations
What were the terms of the first treaty of Paris? (Before napoleons escape?)
Gave France the boundaries it had in 1792
Why were Belgium and Holland united under a Dutch monarchy?
More capable of opposing France more effectively
Prussia receive more land from France’s Eastern border called ____________
The sentinel on the Rhine
Why was the quadruple alliance moderate to France?
The idea of the balance of power
What was the balance of power?
Equilibrium of political and military forces that would discourage aggression
Who was the Austrian representative?
Prince Klemens Von Matternich
Who was the British representative?
Robert Casterleagh
Who was the French representative?
Charles Taleyrand
The quadruple alliance believed that they should receive ______________ for victory
Compensation
The United Kingdom had already won ___________ during the war
Territory
Austria gave up territory in _________ and __________ but expanded elsewhere
Belgium, Germany
________ and _________ wanted more, but the rest of the representatives at the congress of Vienna argued for limited gain
Russia and Prussia
_________ received a small polish kingdom
Russia
__________ received parts of saxony and some gains in the west
Prussia
Napoleon escaped from Elba and was defeated at _____________
Waterloo
What were the terms of the second treaty of Paris?
- Louis XVIII
- lost only a little territory
- had to pay reparations
- had to support a large army for five years
In which the quadruple alliance agreed to meet periodically to discuss common interests in the maintenance of European peace
Congress system
Who led the movement of post-Napoleon conservatism in Europe?
Prince Klemens Von Metternich
Klemens held a _____________ view of human nature, believing humans were prone to error and selfish behavior
Pessimistic
What did Klemens believe was responsible for bloodshed?
Liberalism
Klemens believed an ___________ government was necessary
Authoritarian
Klemens believed _____________ was important to a strong government
Organized religion
The Austrian population was ________
Diverse
What was the disadvantage to Austrias diverse population?
Lack of political unity
Russia _______ Metternichs belief to hold back nationalism
Supported
Who made up the Holy Alliance?
Austria, Prussia, and Russia
Who proposed the Holy Alliance?
Russia’s Alexander I
What was the purpose of the Holy Alliance?
Work to repress revolutionary movements
Where did the Holy Alliance first focus?
Southern Europe, primarily Italy and Spain
Why did the Holy Alliance focus on Spain and Italy?
Revolutionaries had forced the formation of constitutional monarchies
Metternich called for conference at ___________ in Austria
Tropopau
The German confederation was called into being by _______________
The congress of Vienna
Laws issues and enforced by Austria and Prussia that required the German states to outlaw liberal political organizations, police universities, and establish a committee of spied
Karlsbad decrees
What did Metternich call himself?
The chief minister of police in Europe
In the 1820’s, South American elites broke away from the _______ crown
Spanish
Movement whose principle ideas were liberty and equality
Liberalism
Liberals demanded a ___________ government
Representative
The new _____________ made wealthy from industry supported liberalism
Upper class
Liberal policy of unrestricted private enterprise, no government interference in the economy
Laissez faire
Proposed free marked capitalism instead of mercantilism
Adam smith
Liberal political ideas became associated with narrow _____________
Class interests
___________ used liberal ideas to justify their right to do what they wanted in factories
Industrialists
Labor unions were __________
Outlawed
_________ were more radical than liberals
Republicans
The idea that each ppl had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself in a common language or history
Nationalism
Nationalists were typical middle class intellects or _________
Liberals
Where was nationalism most explosive?
Central and Eastern Europe, where ethnic groups overlapped w/in territories
Backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of industrial society
Socialism
What were the key ideas of socialism?
Economic planning, greater social equality, state regulation of property
They had grand schemes for social improvements that were ultimately proved unworkable
Utopian socialists
Believed that the key to progress was social organization that required parasites to way to the doers
Count Henri de Saint Simon
Who were the parasites of Simons model?
Court, aristocracy
Who were the doers of Simons model?
Scientists, engineers, and industrialists
Envisioned a utopia of precise self sufficient communities called phalanxes , he was an early proponent to the emancipation of women
Charles Fourier
Early promoter of labor unions, called for society to be organized into model industrial agricultural communities
Robert Owen
Wrote ‘what is property’, said that property was theft
Pierre Joseph Proudhon
Advocated state funded workshops and factories
Louis Blanc
What was the name of Louis Blancs book?
Organization of Work
Where was early socialism most popular?
France
Political program that called for a working class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a communist state
Marxism
Karl Marx’s partner and colleague
Frederic Engels
Marx’s great work
Capital
Marx said that utopian socialists were unrealistic and his model was based on _______
Science
Marx said that the bourgeoise exploiting the _________
Proletariat
Marx argued that the working class would grow larger, poorer, and develop a sense of ______________
Revolutionary thinking
Work published by Marx and Engels
Communist manifesto
Revolted against the emphasis on rationality, order, and restrain that characterized the enlightenment
Romanticism
Where was romanticism most popular?
England and Germany
Who wrote the romantic novel, Ivanhoe, a historical novel set in the 12th century
Sir Walter Scott
English poet influenced by rosseau, wrote the lyrical ballads with Taylor Coleridge
William Wordsworth
Early French romantic who urged France to throw out classical models
Germaine de Staci
Staci’s study praising German writers
On Germany
Most well known French romantic
Victor Hugo
In eastern and Central Europe, romanticism and ___________ reinforced each other
Nationalism
One of the greatest romantic artists
Eugene Delacroix
Romantic musicians tripled the size of the
Orchestra
Greatest pianist of his time
Franz List
Greatest romantic composer
Ludwig Beethoven
Greeks had lived under the rule of the
Ottoman Empire
Who led the open revolt in Greece?
Alexander Ypsilanti
At first, the great powers ___________ the revolution
Opposed
Britain, France,and Russia were moved by popular demands from their ppl to support ________
Greece
Russia declared a war of expansion against the ___________
ottomans
A prince from _______ was selected to rule Greece
Prince
Politics in Great Britain was reshaped through _______ reform
Gradual
British laws governing the import and export of grain
Corn laws
British law controlling heavily taxed press and eliminating all mass meetings
6 acts
Party led by aristocrats but more responsive to commercial middle class interests than Tories
Whigs
Bill introduced by the Whigs that increased the number of British voters
Reform bill of 1832
Movement pressing British government for more radical reform, especially universal suffrage
Chartist movement
British prime minister who joined the Whigs to repeal the corn laws
Robert peel
Limited the workday for women and children to ten hours
Ten hours act
Who did most Irish people rent land from
Protestant English landowners
The result of 4 years of crop failure in Ireland
Great famine
The UKs response to the great famine was _______
Slow
Louis conservative successor, resistible shed the old order in France
Charles X
Charles repudiated the ___________ in an attempted coup
Constitutional charter
Charles repressed ____________ and censored the _____
Voting rights, press
Who was seated on the thrown after Charles fled?
His cousin Louis Phillipe
Louis Phillipe _________ demand for reform
Ignored
Monarchy under Louis phillipe, called so because of his favoring of elite interests
Bourgeoise monarchy
A ___________ came with crop failures in France
Depression
Following an outbreak of revolt in Paris, Louis abdicates to his _________
Grandson
Ppl would tolerate no more ________
Monarchy
Revolutionaries stared drafting a constitution for France’s ______________, universal male suffrage was given
Second republic
There was a call for reforms of _______,__________,________
Liberty, fraternity, and equality
Represented the republican socialists
Louis Blanc
The poor streamed in to sign up for _________ in Paris
Workshops
The revolution became a clash of _______
Classes
Fearing they would lose their socialist dreams, unskilled workers invaded the _____________
Constituent Assembly
The June days were a response to what?
Government shut down of workshops
The constituent assembly completed the constitution with a strong ______
Executive
Who won the French 1848 election?
Louis Napoleon
Where did the revolution in the Austrian empire begin?
Hungary
Emperor ___________ promised reforms and a liberal constitution
Ferdinand I
The Austrian revolution began to break down because of __________
Disputes over class rights
Hungarian evolutionary leaders pushed through a super liberal ___________
Constitution
___________ rejected unification
Minority groups
Conservative aristocrats rallied under this duchess, who insisted Ferdinand abdicate in favor of her son Joseph
Sophia
________crowned king in Austria
Joseph
The alliance formed from Russia, Prussia, Austria, and the UK
Quadruple alliance
Revolts caused by the crowning of Nicholas I as the Russian monarch after the death of Alexander I
Decembrist Revolts
Who did the liberal Russians want on the throne instead of Nicholas?
Constantine
What’s the Decembrist revolt a success or failure?
Failure
Who led the revolutions in Italy?
The carbonari
Under Napolean, the _________(parliament) of Spain approved a very liberal constitution
Cortes
Why was their revolt in Spain?
Ferdinand II refused to recognize the constitution
The ______________ debates the question of a unified Germany
Frankfurt assembly
