Ch 13: The Reformation and Religious Wars Flashcards
Anticlericalism was mainly focused on what three problems?
- clerical immortality
- clerical ignorance
- clerical pluralism
Holding more than one church office at a time
Clerical pluralism
Frequent absence from office by priests
Absenteeism
Many priests couldn’t read in what language?
Latin
When priests held multiple offices, they would often hire ____________ to there jobs in their place
Poor priests
____________ bred local resentment
Clerical privileges
Clerics were exempt from ______________ like defending the city and paying taxes
Civic responsibility
German university professor and priest who propelled the reformation
Martin Luther
Martin Luther joined this religious order who taught, preached to, and assisted the poor
Augustinian Friars
Martin Luther was professor of the scriptures at what university?
Wittenberg
What did Luther believe about faith?
Faith was a free gift of gods grace
Pope Leo X authorized the sale of the ____________ indulgence to finance his plans in Rome
St. Peter’s Indulgence
Archbishop who controlled the area by Wittenberg, enthusiastically promoted indulgences
Albert of Mainz
Document issued by the Catholic Church lessening time in purgatory
Indulgence
The collection of all the virtuous acts that Christ, the apostles, and saints did during their lives, purgatory could be shortened by drawing on it with indulgences
Treasure of merits
What friar ran Albert of Mainz’ indulgence sale?
Johann Tetzel
Letter written by Luther that argued against the sale of indulgences
95 thesis
What was the result of luthers 95 theses?
He was ordered to go to Rome
Who did Luther debate with instead of going to Rome?
Johann Eck
Who protected Luther?
Frederick of Saxony (Elector of Saxony)
Luther rejected clerical _________
Celibacy
Luthers said that ____________ should reform the church of clergymen couldn’t
Secular leaders
The Pope gave Luther two months to recant his claims or be _________________
Excommunicated
What was Luther’s reaction to the letter of excommunication?
He publicly burned the letter
Charles V held the ____________ were Luther was questioned but still refused to recant
Diet of Worms
Swiss Humanist, most important early reformer other than Luther
Ulrich Zwingli
Who did Luther greatly admire?
Jan Hus
Who inspired Ulrich Zwingli?
Erasmus
Zwingli preached from the ______________ rather than church prescribed readings
New Testament
What was Ulrich Zwingli’s belief about religion?
It rested purely on scripture
Ulrich helped with the gradual reform of the church in _________
Zurich
Term that came to mean all non catholic western Christians
Protestants
Which two sacraments did the Protestants not reject?
Baptism and communion
What do Catholics call communion?
Mass
What is another name for communion?
Eucharist
Catholics believed this to be the process in which the words of a priest would turn the wine in bread into the actual body and blood of Christ during mass
Transubstantiation
Protestant ideas spread by __________
Printing press
Luther translated the ___________ into German
New Testament
People who believed that church should be completely separate from state
Radicals
People who baptized adults
Anababtists
Radicals who believed the world was going to end to the German city of _________ predicting it would be the new Jerusalem and survive gods wrath
Munster
___________ in the sixteenth century led to a bad economy for German peasants
Crop failures
_______ seized land, imposed new rent etc
Nobles
As a result of the bad economy and port treatment by nobles the peasants ______ in 1525
Revolted
Who did Luther originally side with in the German Peasants Revolt?
Peasants
Luther changes his ________, he said opposition to the church did not have to mean revolt against secular leaders
Loyalty
The __________ mercilessly crushed the revolt, 75,000 peasants were killed
Nobility
Luther wrote this in response to the revolt
Against the murderous thieving hordes peasants
Former nun that Luther married
Katharina Von Bora
The course of the reformation was shaped by the election of the Habsburg prince ________ as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
Charles V
What religion was Charles V?
Catholic
As a result to the religious wars in Switzerland and Germany, Charles V called the ________________ to try to halt the religious split
Imperial Diet of Augsburg
The Lutherans statement of faith during the religious wars in Switzerland and Germany
Augsburg confession
In which the Holy Roman Empire officially recognized Lutheranism
Peace of Augsburg
The peace of Augsburg said that ___________ could choose their own religion
States
Most of northern and central Germany was ____________
Lutheran
Most of southern Germany was _________
Catholic
There was no freedom of religion in _________ where princes ruled
Territories
Religious ________ were common
Refugees
What was Charles V’s ultimate goal?
Unifying religion
With hope of unifying religion gone, Charles V ____________ and transferred his holdings to his brother Philip and imperial power to his brother Ferdinand
Abdicated
First area to accept reform after the Holy a Roman Empire under king Christian III
Denmark
What helped spread Luthers ideas in Denmark?
Danish scholars studying at Wittenberg
In 1530 the king of officially split from the Catholic Church
Denmark
What was the public reaction the Danish Kings split with the church like?
Positive
Who ruled Sweden?
Gustavus Vasa
Henry VIII married __________
Catherine of Aragon
Cathorine of Aragon was originally married to Henry’s brother ________ before his death
Arthur
Henry had to get a ______________ to marry his brothers widow
Papal dispensation
The marriage between Henry and Cathorine only produced one daughter: ______
Mary
How did Henry interpret his lack of sons?
Expression of gods disdain for his marriage to his brothers widow
Henry appealed to the pope to get his marriage with Cathorine ____________
Annulled
Henry fell in love with the young ____________
Anne Boleyn
