Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP European History > Ch 16: Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution > Flashcards

Ch 16: Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® European History flashcards AP® U.S. History flashcards European History 101 flashcards AP® World History flashcards World History 102 flashcards U.S. History 102 flashcards World History 101 flashcards U.S. History 101 flashcards
1
Q

Before the scientific revolution, most knowledge of motion and astronomy was derived from ____________

A

Aristotle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Aristotle’s ideas were applied to ___________ theology

A

Christian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Encompassed what we know as science today

A

Natural philosophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What did Aristotle believe about astronomy?

A

A motionless earth was the center of the universe and surrounded by ten crystal spheres, beyond of which was heaven

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Who theorized that planets move in small epicycles?

A

Ptolemy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Many developments in the European scientific revolution were borrowed from ________ scholars

A

Arab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The union of _________ and natural philosophy would be the hallmark of the scientific revolution

A

Mathematics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How did the Renaissance stimulate the scientific revolution?

A
  • patrons funded scientific expeditions as well
  • geometry and realism in art
  • rediscovery of ancient texts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Fascination with discoveries during the scientific revolution led to an increase in __________

A

Printing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Navigational problems in ___________ led to technological innovations

A

Exploration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

He was the first to theorize the heliocentric model of the universe

A

Nicolaus Copernicus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What was the name of Copernicus’s book?

A

On the revolution of the heavenly spheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What was the major religious problem posed by the heliocentric model?

A

Where was heaven?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Who observed the new star of 1572?

A

Tycho Brah

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

New tables of planetary motion created by Thycho Brah

A

Rudolphine Tables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Thycho Brah was restricted by his limited understanding of _______

A

Math

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Brah’s young assistant who believed that the world was built off of mathematical relationships

A

Johann Kepler

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Kepler created the _________________which were published in “the new astronomy”

A

Three laws of planetary motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Kepler also pioneered which field?

A

Optics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Who’s greatest achievement was an elaboration on the experimental method?

A

Galileo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Galileo furnished the law of ________, “an object in motion tends to stay in motion…”

A

Inertia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Galileo thought it dangerous to publicly show support for the ____________ model

A

Heliocentric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Galileos book that was viewed negatively by the church

A

“Dialogue on the chief systems of the world”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What was the result of Galileos book?

A

He was arrested, put on trial for heresy, and forced to recant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The book that laid down Newtons three laws of motion

A

“Mathematical principles of Natural Philosophy”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Newtons law that all objects are attracted to each other by a precise math equation

A

Law of universal gravitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Greatest early propagandist for the experimental method

A

Francis bacon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Bacon believed knowledge had to be persued by _________

A

Empiricism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Bacons followers created the ____________ where they met to discuss ideas

A

Royal society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The ______________ extended the use of reason

A

scientific revolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

French philosopher who began to investigate the basic nature of matter

A

Rene Descartes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Rene Descartes held the notion of a __________ universe

A

Mechanical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Rene’s view that all reality could be reduced to mind and matter

A

Cartesian dualism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

__________ philosophy was popular in England

A

Experimental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

___________ was popular in France and the Netherlands

A

Speculative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Speculative and experimental approaches combined in the ______________

A

Scientific method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Ancient Greek physician that theorized that the body contained 4 humors

A

Galen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Studied anatomy by dissecting the bodies of criminals in his book “On the structure of the human body”

A

Andreas Vesalius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Discovered circulation of blood through veins and arteries

A

William Harvey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Helped found the modern science of chemistry

A

Robert Boyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The rise of modern science influenced the rise of a new social group: the ______________

A

Scientific community

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The influential , intellectual, and cultural movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries that introduced a worldview based on rationalism

A

Enlightenment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What three concepts stood at the forefront of the enlightenment?

A

Rationalism, scientific method, progress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Critical of religious beliefs and persecutions in “historical and critical dictionary”

A

Pierce Bayle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Belief that nothing can be known without a doubt, championed by Bayle

A

Skepticism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Idea that there’s only one substance in the world

A

Spinoza monism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Believed that all ideas were derived from experience, justified bacons theory of experimentalism

A

John Locke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

First major work of the enlightenment, criticized existing practices and beliefs, written by monetesquie

A

Persian letters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Woman who studied physics and math and wanted equal education for women

A

Madame du chatelet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Voltaire thought that most humans were _______ to govern themselves

A

Unfit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

People who thought God had set universe in motion but refrained from intervening

A

Diest

52
Q

Did Voltaire believe in social/economic equality

A

No

53
Q

Voltaire was religiously ________

A

Tolerant

54
Q

Who edited the encyclopedia?

A

Denis Diderot and Jean le Rona d’alembert

55
Q

What did Jean Jacques Rousseau believe about rationalism?

A

It destroyed rather than liberated the individual

56
Q

Name of Jean Jacques Roseau’s book

A

“The social contract”

57
Q

The Scottish enlightenment was marked by emphasis on ___________

A

Reasoning

58
Q

Scottish enlightenment thinker who emphasized civic morality and religious skepticism

A

David Hume

59
Q

What did David Hume think the about the mind?

A

It was nothing but a bundle of impressions

60
Q

Who led the American enlightenment?

A

Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson

61
Q

Greatest German philosopher of his day, thought freedom of speech would spur the enlightenment

A

Immanuel Kant

62
Q

How did Descartes think everything could be analyzed as?

A

Matter in motion

63
Q

Descartes had a notion of a _____________ universe

A

Mechanistic

64
Q

Descartes’s view that all reality could be reduced to mind and matter

A

Cartesian dualism

65
Q

Ancient Greek physician who theorized that the body contains 4 humors

A

Galen

66
Q

Pioneered drugs as a treatment of chemical not humorol imbalances

A

Paracelus

67
Q

Studied anatomy by dissecting the bodies of criminals

A

Andreas Vesalius

68
Q

Discovered circulation of blood through veins and arteries

A

William Harvey

69
Q

Who helped found the modern science of chemistry and conducted expirements to discover the basic elements of nature

A

Robert Boyle

70
Q

What three concepts stand at the forefront of the enlightenment?

A

Rationalism, the scientific method, and progress

71
Q

The enlightenment gained strength ________

A

Slowly

72
Q

Skeptic who was critical of religious beliefs in his book “historical and critical dictionary”

A

Bayle

73
Q

Center of early enlightenment though for many faiths, many flee here

A

Dutch republic

74
Q

Believed the mind and body were united in one substance

A

Baruch Spinoza

75
Q

Idea that their is only one substance in the world

A

Spinoza monoism

76
Q

Believed in an infinite number of substances

A

Gottfried Von Liebenz

77
Q

Believed that all ideas were derived from experience, justified bacons emphasis on expirementalism

A

John Locke

78
Q

French intellectuals who claimed to bring reason to ignorant humans

A

Philosophes

79
Q

Philosophe disturbed by absolutism, argued for separation of powers and applied critical methods to government in “the spirit of laws”

A

Montesquieu

80
Q

Who was Voltaire’s wife?

A

Madame du Châtelet

81
Q

What did Voltaire believe about who was fit for rule?

A

Most people unfit to govern themselves

82
Q

Voltaire did not believe in social and economic equality and was more liberal in _______ and _________

A

Religion, philosophy

83
Q

Voltaire hated religious __________

A

Intolerance

84
Q

Who edited the encyclopedia?

A

Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d’alembert

85
Q

The encyclopedia had initial ___________ from the French monarchy and the Catholic Church

A

Resistance

86
Q

Believed greater human knowledge would result in more happiness

A

Encyclopediaists

87
Q

Who believe the philosophes were plotting against him and severed ties with them?

A

Jean Jacques Rousseau

88
Q

Jean Jacques Rousseau attacked __________ and _________ as destroying rather than liberating individuals

A

Rationalism, civilization

89
Q

Jean Jacques Rousseau influenced this movement that came to rev against the enlightenment in the eighteenth century

A

Romantic movement

90
Q

Jean Jacques Rousseau’s book that contributed to political theory based on general will and popular sovereignty

A

“The social contract”

91
Q

Long distance intellectual community that shared thoughts about enlightenment

A

Republic of letters

92
Q

Where was the Scottish enlightenment centered?

A

Edinburgh

93
Q

The Scottish enlightened was marked by an emphasis on ________ and ___________

A

Common sense, reasoning

94
Q

Leader of the Scottish enlightenment, emphasized civic morality and religious skepticism

A

David Hume

95
Q

David Hume believed that the human mind was nothing but a _________________

A

Bundle of impressions

96
Q

Who led the enlightened movement in North America?

A

Ben Franklin and Thomas Jefferson

97
Q

In this country, enlightened ideas were hotly debated in regards to Christian theology

A

Germany

98
Q

Italian who pleaded for the reform of the penal system like torture and capital punishment

A

Cessare Bruccaria

99
Q

What was the name of Cessare Beccaria’s book

A

On crimes and punishment

100
Q

Popular sallonier of the enlightenment

A

Madame de Deffand

101
Q

Popular style characterized by soft pastels and ornate interiors

A

Rococo

102
Q

___________ became Meccas for intellectual conversation

A

Coffee houses

103
Q

Why was the enlightenment such a huge catalyst for thoughts on race?

A

The urge to classify nature

104
Q

Carle Von Lienne’s book that says nature was organized into a God given hierarchy

A

The system of nature

105
Q

White supremacy led to ___________ that solidified he growth of slavery

A

Scientific racism

106
Q

Wrote “A History of Two Indies”, attacking slavery and European colonization

A

Raynal

107
Q

Frederick The Great invaded Maria Theresa of Austria’s province of __________, doubling the Prussian population and increasing its global prominence

A

Silesia

108
Q

Seeking revenge Maria Theresa formed an alliance with ________ and _________ with the goal of splitting acquired territory

A

France, Russia

109
Q

The conflict between Prussia and Austria came to be called the ____________

A

7 years war

110
Q

What saved Frederick the Great?

A

Peter III came to the throne and called off the attack

111
Q

What were the effects of the seven years war on Frederick the Greats absolutist policies?

A

He toned down expansion and considered human policies to strengthen the state

112
Q

Frederick the great allowed his subjects ____________tolerance and promoted education

A

Religious

113
Q

Frederick the great lived modestly and rationalized his monarchy in terms of ___________

A

Practical results

114
Q

Catherine the Great continued Peters tradition of bringing ____________ culture to Russia

A

Western

115
Q

What kept Frederick the great from being completely enlightened?

A
  • kept serfdom
  • extended the powers of the nobility
  • remained the backbone of the military
116
Q

How did Catherine the Great domestically reform Russia?

A
  • restricted torture
  • set forth limited religious toleration
  • improved education
117
Q

Started a massive Russian serf rebellion, declaring himself the true tsar

A

Emilen Pugachev

118
Q

What was the effects of Pugachevs rebellion on Catherine the Greats reform?

A

She saw peasants as dangerous and began an extremely oppressive system of serfdom, giving her nobility absolute control over their serfs

119
Q

For Maria Theresa of Austria, ________ was a more important motivation for her reform than the enlightenment

A

Power politics

120
Q

Maria Theresa _________ central power

A

Centralized

121
Q

Mary Theresa’s son, was more radical with the enlightenment

A

Joseph II

122
Q

What was Joseph’s most radical reform?

A

Abolish serfdom

123
Q

The name for the Jewish enlightenment

A

Haskalah

124
Q

Who led the Jewish enlightenment? He advocated for freedom and civil rights of European Jews

A

Moses Mendeesohn

125
Q

Frederick the Great __________ Jewish tolerance

A

Opposed

126
Q

__________ sought to integrate Jews more into society

A

Joseph II

127
Q

Catherine the Great established the ________________ where many Jews were required to live

A

Pale of Settlement

AP European History (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions