Ch 16: Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution Flashcards
Before the scientific revolution, most knowledge of motion and astronomy was derived from ____________
Aristotle
Aristotle’s ideas were applied to ___________ theology
Christian
Encompassed what we know as science today
Natural philosophy
What did Aristotle believe about astronomy?
A motionless earth was the center of the universe and surrounded by ten crystal spheres, beyond of which was heaven
Who theorized that planets move in small epicycles?
Ptolemy
Many developments in the European scientific revolution were borrowed from ________ scholars
Arab
The union of _________ and natural philosophy would be the hallmark of the scientific revolution
Mathematics
How did the Renaissance stimulate the scientific revolution?
- patrons funded scientific expeditions as well
- geometry and realism in art
- rediscovery of ancient texts
Fascination with discoveries during the scientific revolution led to an increase in __________
Printing
Navigational problems in ___________ led to technological innovations
Exploration
He was the first to theorize the heliocentric model of the universe
Nicolaus Copernicus
What was the name of Copernicus’s book?
On the revolution of the heavenly spheres
What was the major religious problem posed by the heliocentric model?
Where was heaven?
Who observed the new star of 1572?
Tycho Brah
New tables of planetary motion created by Thycho Brah
Rudolphine Tables
Thycho Brah was restricted by his limited understanding of _______
Math
Brah’s young assistant who believed that the world was built off of mathematical relationships
Johann Kepler
Kepler created the _________________which were published in “the new astronomy”
Three laws of planetary motion
Kepler also pioneered which field?
Optics
Who’s greatest achievement was an elaboration on the experimental method?
Galileo
Galileo furnished the law of ________, “an object in motion tends to stay in motion…”
Inertia
Galileo thought it dangerous to publicly show support for the ____________ model
Heliocentric
Galileos book that was viewed negatively by the church
“Dialogue on the chief systems of the world”
What was the result of Galileos book?
He was arrested, put on trial for heresy, and forced to recant
The book that laid down Newtons three laws of motion
“Mathematical principles of Natural Philosophy”
Newtons law that all objects are attracted to each other by a precise math equation
Law of universal gravitation
Greatest early propagandist for the experimental method
Francis bacon
Bacon believed knowledge had to be persued by _________
Empiricism
Bacons followers created the ____________ where they met to discuss ideas
Royal society
The ______________ extended the use of reason
scientific revolution
French philosopher who began to investigate the basic nature of matter
Rene Descartes
Rene Descartes held the notion of a __________ universe
Mechanical
Rene’s view that all reality could be reduced to mind and matter
Cartesian dualism
__________ philosophy was popular in England
Experimental
___________ was popular in France and the Netherlands
Speculative
Speculative and experimental approaches combined in the ______________
Scientific method
Ancient Greek physician that theorized that the body contained 4 humors
Galen
Studied anatomy by dissecting the bodies of criminals in his book “On the structure of the human body”
Andreas Vesalius
Discovered circulation of blood through veins and arteries
William Harvey
Helped found the modern science of chemistry
Robert Boyle
The rise of modern science influenced the rise of a new social group: the ______________
Scientific community
The influential , intellectual, and cultural movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries that introduced a worldview based on rationalism
Enlightenment
What three concepts stood at the forefront of the enlightenment?
Rationalism, scientific method, progress
Critical of religious beliefs and persecutions in “historical and critical dictionary”
Pierce Bayle
Belief that nothing can be known without a doubt, championed by Bayle
Skepticism
Idea that there’s only one substance in the world
Spinoza monism
Believed that all ideas were derived from experience, justified bacons theory of experimentalism
John Locke
First major work of the enlightenment, criticized existing practices and beliefs, written by monetesquie
Persian letters
Woman who studied physics and math and wanted equal education for women
Madame du chatelet
Voltaire thought that most humans were _______ to govern themselves
Unfit
People who thought God had set universe in motion but refrained from intervening
Diest
Did Voltaire believe in social/economic equality
No
Voltaire was religiously ________
Tolerant
Who edited the encyclopedia?
Denis Diderot and Jean le Rona d’alembert
What did Jean Jacques Rousseau believe about rationalism?
It destroyed rather than liberated the individual
Name of Jean Jacques Roseau’s book
“The social contract”
The Scottish enlightenment was marked by emphasis on ___________
Reasoning
Scottish enlightenment thinker who emphasized civic morality and religious skepticism
David Hume
What did David Hume think the about the mind?
It was nothing but a bundle of impressions
Who led the American enlightenment?
Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson
Greatest German philosopher of his day, thought freedom of speech would spur the enlightenment
Immanuel Kant
How did Descartes think everything could be analyzed as?
Matter in motion
Descartes had a notion of a _____________ universe
Mechanistic
Descartes’s view that all reality could be reduced to mind and matter
Cartesian dualism
Ancient Greek physician who theorized that the body contains 4 humors
Galen
Pioneered drugs as a treatment of chemical not humorol imbalances
Paracelus
Studied anatomy by dissecting the bodies of criminals
Andreas Vesalius
Discovered circulation of blood through veins and arteries
William Harvey
Who helped found the modern science of chemistry and conducted expirements to discover the basic elements of nature
Robert Boyle
What three concepts stand at the forefront of the enlightenment?
Rationalism, the scientific method, and progress
The enlightenment gained strength ________
Slowly
Skeptic who was critical of religious beliefs in his book “historical and critical dictionary”
Bayle
Center of early enlightenment though for many faiths, many flee here
Dutch republic
Believed the mind and body were united in one substance
Baruch Spinoza
Idea that their is only one substance in the world
Spinoza monoism
Believed in an infinite number of substances
Gottfried Von Liebenz
Believed that all ideas were derived from experience, justified bacons emphasis on expirementalism
John Locke
French intellectuals who claimed to bring reason to ignorant humans
Philosophes
Philosophe disturbed by absolutism, argued for separation of powers and applied critical methods to government in “the spirit of laws”
Montesquieu
Who was Voltaire’s wife?
Madame du Châtelet
What did Voltaire believe about who was fit for rule?
Most people unfit to govern themselves
Voltaire did not believe in social and economic equality and was more liberal in _______ and _________
Religion, philosophy
Voltaire hated religious __________
Intolerance
Who edited the encyclopedia?
Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d’alembert
The encyclopedia had initial ___________ from the French monarchy and the Catholic Church
Resistance
Believed greater human knowledge would result in more happiness
Encyclopediaists
Who believe the philosophes were plotting against him and severed ties with them?
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Jean Jacques Rousseau attacked __________ and _________ as destroying rather than liberating individuals
Rationalism, civilization
Jean Jacques Rousseau influenced this movement that came to rev against the enlightenment in the eighteenth century
Romantic movement
Jean Jacques Rousseau’s book that contributed to political theory based on general will and popular sovereignty
“The social contract”
Long distance intellectual community that shared thoughts about enlightenment
Republic of letters
Where was the Scottish enlightenment centered?
Edinburgh
The Scottish enlightened was marked by an emphasis on ________ and ___________
Common sense, reasoning
Leader of the Scottish enlightenment, emphasized civic morality and religious skepticism
David Hume
David Hume believed that the human mind was nothing but a _________________
Bundle of impressions
Who led the enlightened movement in North America?
Ben Franklin and Thomas Jefferson
In this country, enlightened ideas were hotly debated in regards to Christian theology
Germany
Italian who pleaded for the reform of the penal system like torture and capital punishment
Cessare Bruccaria
What was the name of Cessare Beccaria’s book
On crimes and punishment
Popular sallonier of the enlightenment
Madame de Deffand
Popular style characterized by soft pastels and ornate interiors
Rococo
___________ became Meccas for intellectual conversation
Coffee houses
Why was the enlightenment such a huge catalyst for thoughts on race?
The urge to classify nature
Carle Von Lienne’s book that says nature was organized into a God given hierarchy
The system of nature
White supremacy led to ___________ that solidified he growth of slavery
Scientific racism
Wrote “A History of Two Indies”, attacking slavery and European colonization
Raynal
Frederick The Great invaded Maria Theresa of Austria’s province of __________, doubling the Prussian population and increasing its global prominence
Silesia
Seeking revenge Maria Theresa formed an alliance with ________ and _________ with the goal of splitting acquired territory
France, Russia
The conflict between Prussia and Austria came to be called the ____________
7 years war
What saved Frederick the Great?
Peter III came to the throne and called off the attack
What were the effects of the seven years war on Frederick the Greats absolutist policies?
He toned down expansion and considered human policies to strengthen the state
Frederick the great allowed his subjects ____________tolerance and promoted education
Religious
Frederick the great lived modestly and rationalized his monarchy in terms of ___________
Practical results
Catherine the Great continued Peters tradition of bringing ____________ culture to Russia
Western
What kept Frederick the great from being completely enlightened?
- kept serfdom
- extended the powers of the nobility
- remained the backbone of the military
How did Catherine the Great domestically reform Russia?
- restricted torture
- set forth limited religious toleration
- improved education
Started a massive Russian serf rebellion, declaring himself the true tsar
Emilen Pugachev
What was the effects of Pugachevs rebellion on Catherine the Greats reform?
She saw peasants as dangerous and began an extremely oppressive system of serfdom, giving her nobility absolute control over their serfs
For Maria Theresa of Austria, ________ was a more important motivation for her reform than the enlightenment
Power politics
Maria Theresa _________ central power
Centralized
Mary Theresa’s son, was more radical with the enlightenment
Joseph II
What was Joseph’s most radical reform?
Abolish serfdom
The name for the Jewish enlightenment
Haskalah
Who led the Jewish enlightenment? He advocated for freedom and civil rights of European Jews
Moses Mendeesohn
Frederick the Great __________ Jewish tolerance
Opposed
__________ sought to integrate Jews more into society
Joseph II
Catherine the Great established the ________________ where many Jews were required to live
Pale of Settlement
