Chapter 16: Pharmacology Flashcards
The study of how a drug or compound is handled by the body is called _________________.
Pharmacokinetics
What are the four “hows” of formulary dosage?
1- How much
2- How given
3- How often
4- How long
True or False
The intended outcome of the therapeutic dose is to produce the desired pharmacological effect without producing toxicity.
True
True or False
A drug that is given intravenously must be absorbed by tissues before reaching the bloodstream
False
True or False
In intraperitoneal injection, the drug has to absorbed through the peritoneum and be taken up by the capillaries before it even enters the bloodstream
True
True or False
Oral administration is the fastest route to reach its peak concentration.
False
True or False
A drug given intravenously generally reaches its site of action quicker than one given intramuscularly.
True
What are the four processes involved with how a drug is handled by the body, which are known but the acronym ADME?
1- Absorption
2- Distribution
3- Metabolism
4- Excretion
The peak effect of a drug occurs fastest with which route of administration?
Intravenous injection
The breakdown products of drugs are called __________________.
Metabolites
What does the actual blood concentration of a drug depend on?
The dose, administration site, and rates of absorption, distribution, and excretion
True or False
The time of day the drug is administered does not matter.
False
A capsule is an example of a ______________________ formulation.
Controlled-release
True or False
Excretion of drugs may occur through the milk.
True
Which of the following is a benefit of multimodal therapy?
A- Multiple sites of action lead to better clinical outcome
B- There is a reduced likelihood of adverse effects
C- Lower doses may be used for the same effect
D- All of the above
D- All of the above
What term describes one drug diminishes or reverses the effect of another?
Antagonism
What term refers to the relative safety of a drug?
Therapeutic index
What term refers to response is more than the sum of the drugs given separately?
Synergism
What term refers to one drug increases th effect of another?
Potentiation
What term refers to response is equal to the sum of the drugs given separately?
Additive effect
What are the two major organs involved in the excretion of drugs?
1- Liver
2- Kidneys
Name two ways the animal’s gender that may influence the frug response.
1- Hormone levels
2- Pregnancy effect on the absorption, distribution, and metabolism of drugs
Tamoxifen is an example of a drug whose efficiency is dependent upon:
A- Route of admnistration
B- Time of day
C- The species being dosed
D- The sex of the animal
B- Time of day
Why is it important to follow the same schedule for drug administration for all animals in the study?
Because there are changes in body activity during the day which can cause a variation in rates of absorption, distribution, and metabolism
What is the branch of the U.S. government that regulates human and animal drug use?
A- Drug Enforcement Agency
B- United States Department of Agriculture
C- Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare
D- Food and Drug Administration
D- Food and Drug Administration
Is Advil a generic name or a trade name?
Trade name
Is ibuprofen a generic name or trade name?
Generic name
What does it mean when a drug is used “off-label”?
A- The drug has a nonproprietary name
B- The drug is used in a way not specified in the FDA package insert
C- The drug is expired
D- The drug is not approved by the FDA
B- The drug us used in a way not specified in the FDA package insert
Which schedule of drugs has the most potential for addiction according to the Drug Enforcement Agency?
Schedule I
What is the difference between pharmaceutical grade and non pharmaceutical grade drugs?
A pharmaceutical grade drug has been approved for use in the US by the FDA
For an antibiotic, the term spectrum refers to:
A- The length of time the drug remains active in the body
B- The type of organisms it is effective against
C- The drug’s absorption properties
D- The range of dosages deemed effective
B- The type of organisms it is effective against
True or False
Among antibiotics, Aminoglycosides have the least serious side effects.
False
A combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid is used to overcome:
A- The toxic effects of penicillin
B- The bacterial resistance to penicillin
C- The synergy between the penicillins
D- The objectionable taste of the drug
B- The bacterial resistance to penicillin
Explain why penicillin should not be used in guinea pigs and hamsters.
Penicillins can cause potentially fatal enterotoxemia.
True or False
Ivermectin should always be given orally.
False
Pinworms can be eliminated in rodents by using _____________________ as a food additive in rodent chow.
Fenbendazole
True or False
Administering trimethoprim and sulfamethzine together has a synergistic effect
True
What compounds are produced from chrysanthemum plants that can be used to treat external parasites?
Pyrethrins
What best describes a polyvalent vaccine?
A- It is effective in many species
B- It protects against multiple diseases
C- It comes in combination with other drugs
D- It must be given in several doses over a period of time
B- It protects against multiple diseases
Name three types of information technicians should always check when picking up a vial containing a commercial drug preparation before its use.
1- Drug name
2- Strength
3- Expiration date
