Chapter 10: Genetic Engineering Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following best describes genetic engineering?
A- Introducing foreign DNA into adult tissue cells
B- Manipulating DNA molecules to alter their composition
C- Modifying the number of genes in an animal’s cells
D- Changing the phenotype of an animal

A

B- Manipulating DNA molecules to alter their composition

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2
Q

______________________ refers to introducing additional DNA into the genome of an animal.

A

Transgenesis

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3
Q

True or False
Most genes are specific to one species and are not found in animals of another species or genus.

A

False

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4
Q

Name two major differences between pronuclear injection and gene-targeted mutation.

A

1- With pronuclear injection, fragments of DNA are integrated into random locations on the chromosomes; in gene-targeted mutation, the fragment integrates at a specific location
2- With pronuclear injection, many copies of the transgene may integrate into the genes; In gene-targeted mutation, only one transgene copy is integrated

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5
Q

List the standard types of access to a mouse breeding room

A

1- Full access
2- Limited access
3- Barrier

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6
Q

Which observation should be made when a female has pups?
A- The condition of the nest
B- Whether the dam is lying on top of the pups
C- How many pups were born
D- All of the above

A

D- All of the above

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7
Q

True or False
Pronuclear injection provides the scientist with a more specific tool than gene-targeted mutation for placement of the transgene.

A

False

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8
Q

List three ways that phenotype may be assessed.

A

1- Clinical examination, to evaluate the animal’s general physical condition
2- Assessment of reproductive performance and fertility
3- Neurological tests, to evaluate motor and sensory functions
4- Behavioral tests to evaluate one or more specific types of behavior that indicate a phenotypical effect
5- Physiological test, to assess data from multiple physiological parameters
6- Imaging techniques, to gather data using non-invasive technology
7- Necropsy and histopathology studies, to evaluate specific tissues of interest
8- Clinical chemistry, to evaluate function of the various organ systems

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9
Q

List common stressors that may disrupt a recipient female’s care of the pups.

A

1- Cage disturbances
2- Loud and/or sudden noises
3- Vibrations
4- Lighting changes (both intensity and light cycle)
5- Personnel changes

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10
Q

What are the possible combinations that coupled produce an animal homozygous for a transgene?
A- Neither parent had the transgene
B- Only one parent had the transgene
C- Both parents were hemizygous
D- Both parents were homozygous
E- One parent was hemizygous and the other did not have the transgene
F- One parent was homozygous and the other one did not have the transgene
G- One parent was homozygous and the other was hemizygous

A

C- Both parents were hemizygous
D- Both parents were homozygous
G- One parent was homozygous and the other was hemizygous

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11
Q

What is the purpose of mating a female with a vasectomized male?

A

To induce pseudopregnancy

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12
Q

Yes or No
Will all the offspring of two hemizygous parents inherit at least a copy of the transgene?

A

No

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13
Q

The transgene is inserted at random in the gene with which genetic engineering technique: pronuclear injection or gene-targeted mutation.

A

Pronuclear injection

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14
Q

An animal that contains a targeted section of new DNA that was designed to change a specific gene is called a _____________; an animal that has a fragment of DNA inserted to prevent a gene product from being expressed is called a __________________.

A

Knockin ; Knock out

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15
Q

List a reason why mice from inbred lines are preferred for producing transgenics.

A

It is easier to identify phenotypic changes in mice that originally have identical phenotypes

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16
Q

In creating a chimera, why is it recommended to use embryonic stem cells from a strain of a different coat color than the strain used to provide the blastocyst?

A

The coat color makes it possible to identify the chimeras by differences in their phenotype as compared to their parent strains

17
Q

True or False
Obtaining chimeras that have patches of fur of different colors is a clear indication that there is germline transmission of the gene-targeted mutation.

A

False

18
Q

Name the four types of animals needed for the production of transgenic animals.

A

1- Egg donor (superovulated) females
2- Embryo recipient females (pseudopregnant females)
3- Stud males
4- Vasectomized (sterile) males (dud)

19
Q

Which sequence of steps should be followed to prepare females for producing blastocysts in the development of gene-targeted animals?
A- 1. Inject PMSG 2. Mate the stud male 3. Inject hCG 4. Harvest embryo
B- 1. Mate with vasectomized male 2. Inject PMSG 3. Inject hCG 4. Harvest embryo
C- 1. Inject PMSG 2. Inject hCG 3. Mate with stud male 4. Harvest embryo
D- 1. Inject PMSG 2. Inject hCG 3. Mate with vasectomized male 4. Harvest embryo

A

C- 1. Inject PMSG 2. Inject hCG 3. Mate with stud male 4. Harvest embryo

20
Q

What method is used to cause recipient females to become pseudopregnant?

A

Copulation with vasectomized males (duds)

21
Q

What term means pups resulting from pronuclear injection?

A

Founders

22
Q

What term means pups produced by gene-targeted mutation?

A

Chimeras

23
Q

What term means drug that induces labor?

A

Oxytocin

24
Q

What term means difficult labor?

A

Dystocia

25
Q

What term means mating chimera to wild-type?

A

Backcrossing

26
Q

Which tissues are usually obtained from rodents for genotyping?

A

Tip of the tail or ear punch

27
Q

True or False
In order to avoid disturbing the litter, the best time to genotype a mouse is within two days.

A

False

28
Q

Identify two reasons why crypopreservation can help ensure that a mouse strain remains available and genetically unchanged.

A

1- Cryopreservation can be used to repopulate the strain if all live animals die or must be euthanized
2- Cryopreservation can be used to return to the original genetic make-up when genetic drift has caused changes in the strain

29
Q

Embryos are often obtained for Cryopreservation by mating which type of female?
A- Hemizygous female
B- Wild-type female
C- Homozygous female
D- Heterozygous female

A

B- Wild-type female

30
Q

Why are wild-type females often obtained for Cryopreservation by mating?

A

Because it is more efficient to purchase wild-type females of the optimum age for superovulation

31
Q

Name two conditions that could be responsible for the lack of offspring following a timed mating.

A

1- Sterility
2- Embryonic lethality

32
Q

What best describes a cogencies strain?
A- The result of backcrossing for 10 generations
B- The result of consecutive matings of two hemizygous transgenic parents
C- The result of brother-sister mating of transgenic animals
D- The result of consecutive matings of two transgenic homozygous parents

A

A- The result of backcrossing for 10 generations

33
Q

True or False
CRISPR is a naturally occurring gene repair mechanism.

A

True