Chapter 12: Immunology Flashcards
Name 3 reasons that the immune system can be overwhelmed allowing infection to lead to disease.
1- The infectious load is high
2- The virulence of the microbe is great
3- The immune system is compromised
What is another name for acquired immunity?
Adaptive immunity
In immunology, the term “attenuated” is often used. Which of the following best describes its meaning?
A- Originating from the outside
B- Weakened
C- Incapable of reproduction
D- Disease-causing
B- Weakened
True or False
The same MHC proteins are found in all the animals of the same species.
False
What chemical messenger do macrophages and granulocytes release to escalate the immune response?
A- Alpha interferon
B- Cytokines
C- Lysosomes
D- MHC proteins
B- Cytokines
From the list of terms, which ones are associated with innate immune system? There may be more than one answer.
1- T lymphocytes
2- Interferon
3- Antibody
4- Unbroken skin
5- High acidity in the stomach
6- Plasma cells
2- Interferon
4- Unbroken skin
5- High acidity in the stomach
From the list of terms, which ones are associated with acquired immune system? There may be more than one answer.
1- T lymphocytes
2- Interferon
3- Antibody
4- Unbroken skin
5- High acidity in the stomach
6- Plasma cells
1- T lymphocytes
3- Antibody
6- Plasma cells
True or False
An animal’s innate immune system is functional even if the animal has not been exposed to a foreign substance.
True
True or False
The acquired immune response only develops in response to a specific antigen.
True
Antibody-mediated immune response is associated with which kind of cells?
B cells and plasma cells
What are the three steps involved in an acquired immunity response to a foreign substance?
1- Recognition
2- Amplification
3- Resolution
What two types of molecules participate in the acquired immune response? Select all that apply
A- Macrophages
B- Fibroblasts
C- B cells
D- T cells
E- Erythrocytes
F- Dendritic cells
A- Macrophages
C- B cells
D- T cells
F- Dendritic cells
Which of the following statements is/are true of phagocytes? Choose all that apply.
A- They secrete antibodies
B- They engulf foreign materials
C- They have more than one nucleus
D- They are a component of the acquired immune system
B- They engulf foreign materials
D- They are a component of the acquired immune system
Which cells secrete specialized factors that carry messages to other immune system cells?
Helper T cells
True or False
Each antibody molecule can bind several different kinds of antigens.
False
What is the first class of immunoglobulins to be synthesized by a fetus or newborn in response to an antigen?
IgM
Which cellular organelle contains enzymes that destroy foreign materials that were engulfed by phagocytic cells?
Lysosomes
Describe two ways by which active immunity can develop.
1- Following exposure to an infectious agent
2- After inoculation with the attenuated or killed infectious agent
During which phase of an immune response do the antibodies become detectable in the serum?
The log phase
What is the term for the secondary immune response?
Anamnestic response
List two advantages associated with using dead viruses in vaccines.
1- They cannot cause disease
2- They are generally more stable
What is the term used to describe an animal with a normal immune system?
Immunocompetent
Name three ways by which an individual can naturally acquire an immune disease.
1- Inherit it
2- Acquire it through infection or illness
3- As a side effect of some drug treatment
AIDS is an example of:
A- A primary immunodeficiency disease
B- A secondary immunodeficiency disease
C- An immune hypersensitivity
D- A chorionic immune complex disease
B- A secondary immunodeficiency disease
True or False
When a defect in immune response is inherited, it is referred to as a primary immunodeficiency disease.
True
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is an immunodeficiency virus that affects animals belonging to which species?
A- Cats
B- Nonhuman primates
C- Rodents
D- Rabbits
B- Nonhuman primates
Which cell populations are lacking in SCID mice?
A- T cells and B cells
B- T cells and null cells
C- B cells and macrophages
D- Macrophages and T cells
A- T cells and B cells
Which of the following precautions should be taken when housing immunodeficient mice? Choose all that apply
A- They should be given sterilized feed and water
B- They should not be cross-bred with other immunodeficient mice
C- They should be kept in an air-filtered environment
D- They should be handled aseptically
E- The husbandry chores for these animals should be done after all other animals are cared for to prevent their disease from spreading in the general animal population
F- Cage changing should be done in a laminar flow work station
A- They should be given sterilized feed and water
C- They should be kept in an air-filtered environment
D- They should be handled aseptically
F- Cage changing should be done in a laminar flow work station
Name three examples of immune hypersensitivity.
1- Allergies
2- Asthma
3- Autoimmune disease
Which of the following conditions are autoimmune disease? Choose all that apply
A- Rheumatoid arthritis
B- Hypertension
C- Systemic lupus erythmatosus
D- Duodenal ulcer
E- Lactose intolerance
A- Rheumatoid arthritis
C- Systemic lupus erythmatosus
What is the term you would use to describe a graft transplanted between individuals of the same species?
Allograft
What is self-recognition?
The recognition of cells and tissues as self or foreign
What are epitopes?
A- Sites in the body where immune system cells are produced
B- Fragment of an antigen bound to a molecule
C- Sites where antibodies are produced
D- Immune reactions that occur in the extracellular fluids in tissues
B- Fragment of an antigen bound to a molecule
True or False
Antigenicity is the degree to which an antigen can induce an immune response.
True
True or False
A passive immunization allows for permanent resistance to an antigen.
False
True or False
Radiation exposure can cause immunosuppression.
True
