Chapter 16 Notes Flashcards
What are the goals that remain central to American foreign policy?
national security
alliance security
international stability
economic development
What is the primary goal of foreign policy?
Protecting the nation and its citizens and property abroad
What is national security?
protecting the nation and its citizens and property abroad
Nevertheless, American security was rarely threatened in the nineteenth century.
True
When did concern about national security only deepen?
during the Cold War
In response to a Soviet nuclear threat, what did the United States maintain?
- a large peacetime military force
- sought to ease tensions diplomatically
- fought limited wars against communism in Korea, Vietnam, and Central America.
Through skillful diplomacy, which Secretary of State forged a shaky peace between Israel, Egypt, and Syria that resulted in the lifting of the oil embargo?
Henry Kissinger
In 1978, who brought the leaders of Israel and Egypt together in an attempt to build a “framework for peace” in the Middle East?
President Carter
What was the result of the attempt to build a “framework of peace”?
the Camp David Accords
- in which the Israelis made territorial concessions while the Egyptians officially recognized Israel as a nation.
After World War II, what did the United States respond with to the European devastation in which supplied billions of dollars to Western Europe to rebuild shattered economies and thereby bolster democracy?
the Marshall Plan
The dominant theme of foreign policy during America’s first century was what?
isolationism
What is isolationism?
a policy first formulated during the Washington administration
Who believed that America’s fortunes should not be tied to Europe?
George Washington
In 1853, who negotiated the first treaty between Japan and a Western nation?
Commodore Matthew Perry
Who helped bring the gospel to China?
American missionaries
Who was the first to preach salvation through Christ in Burma?
Adoniram Judson
What cut short America’s empire building era?
Domestic problems
Why did the United States practice nuclear deterrence during the Cold War?
To discourage Soviet aggression so that the Soviets would face massive retaliation if they attacked
What are the two foreign policy themes?
nuclear deterrence
Containment
What was the American policy toward communism during the Cold War which led to combat in Korea and Vietnam?
Containment
During the presidential campaign of that year, who promised that, if elected, they would keep America out of war?
the incumbent Franklin Roosevelt and the challenger Wendell Willkie
In the 1990s American forces performed peace-keeping operations where? while more risky trouble spots were ignored or treated with superficiality.
Balkans, Somalia, and Haiti
Who enjoyed the power of the presidency as few other chief executives have, and his foreign policy reflected his pugnacious exuberance? He ordered American troops to the Dominican Republic just to collect that country’s debts to European investors.
Theodore Roosevelt
After the Colombian government attempted to hike the price of a right-of-way for an isthmian canal, Roosevelt sponsored a revolution that led to the creation of the new state of Panama—which proved much more amenable to American demands. When Roosevelt sent the American navy—the Great White Fleet—around the world, a group of congressmen threatened to cut off its funding.
T
What American Navy did Roosevelt send around the world?
The Great White Fleet
Who was the first female national security advisor that emerged as an influential foreign policy player in the George W. Bush administration?
Condoleezza Rice
The State Department and the Defense Department administer the two arms of American foreign policy which are?
international relations and national security
What is the oldest and the most prestigious cabinet office?
The Department of State
What are embassies?
government offices or residences located in foreign capitals
What are located in foreign ports and other overseas trade centers?
Consular offices, or [consulates]
Who chairs the department?
The secretary of defense
Why must the secretary of defense not be a part of the active military or be at least ten years removed from active military involvement?
Intended to reflect the constitutional principle that military power should be subordinate to civilian power
What is the largest military branch, operating primarily on land with infantry, artillery, tank, engineering, and chemicalwarfare units?
The army
What was originally part of the army and was reorganized as a separate branch in 1947?
The Air Force
The Senate is constitutionally empowered to approve treaties by what?
a two-thirds vote
append reservations and conditions to a treaty that were not part of the original agreement.
When did the first diplomatic mission for the United States begin during its fight for independence?
when Benjamin Franklin sailed to France in 1779
What are treaties?
formal agreements made between nations or groups of nations
Who invoked the Monroe Doctrine in 1962 when he blocked the Soviet attempt to install missiles in Cuba?
President Kennedy
The UN Securtiy Council is made up of five permanent members. Who are they?
China France Russia the United Kingdom the United States
For example, in 1984 hundreds of thousands of Ethiopians starved to death during a severe drought. Americans were stirred to assist them after seeing the grim pictures on their television screens. Millions of dollars and tons of food and medical supplies were rushed to Ethiopia only to be bottled up by a cruel Marxist regime that deliberately restricted distribution of food to its own suffering people.
T
In some ways, what are the reverse of foreign aid?
sanctions
In international affairs, what do sanctions refer to?
coercive acts taken against a nation in an attempt to influence its actions
What was one of the unintended consequences of Roosevelt’s “big stick” policy?
Growing resentment of American power
What is frequently used by small groups who stand no chance of winning a traditional war?
Terrorism
Which two terrorist organizations have used terrorism to advance political goals?
The Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) and the Irish Republican Army (IRA)
Which terrorist organizations practiced terrorism for broad religious purposes?
the Muslim al-Qaeda and the Japanese doomsday cult Aum Shinrikyo
What is a “rogue nation”?
the term usually refers to nations that seek to develop weapons of mass destruction; those that supply, support, or provide safe havens for terrorist organizations
Outline the history of US foreign affairs. The bold titles with years
Isolation, 1790–1890 Expansion, 1890–1910 Vacillation, 1910–1940 Obligation, 1940–1991 Transition, 1991 to the Present
Discuss the challenges the US faces today in making foreign policy.
- terrorism: Terrorism is the use of unlawful means of war to achieve one’s goals (P. 375)
- rogue nation: refers to nations that seek to develop weapons of mass destruction; those that supply, support, or provide safe havens for terrorist organizations (P. 376)
- regional conflicts: Several chronic conflicts threaten regional and world security (P. 376)
- weapons of mass destruction: nuclear, radiological, chemical, and biological (P. 377)
- globalization: The increased integration of world markets, politics, and culture (P. 377)
- anti-Americanism: “cultural imperialism”—the promotion of its culture at the expense of others (P. 378)
- fear and uncertainty: fear of destruction and uncertainty of the outcome (P. 380)
Discuss the role of each of the following in correlation to foreign policy.
President, White House office, Congress, and media
President: the president heads the military forces of the United States. As head of state, he represents the United States abroad and initiates treaties and agreements with foreign leaders.
White House (Executive) Office: the Executive Office of the President help the president shape and implement foreign policy.
Congress: constitutionally empowered to approve treaties by a two-thirds vote. Senators may also append reservations and conditions to a treaty that were not part of the original agreement.
Media: The ability of the media to provide world news nearly instantaneously is a powerful force in shaping public opinion and thus in influencing foreign policy.
