Chapter 16 Notes

Question 1

What are the goals that remain central to American foreign policy?

Answer 1

national security
alliance security
international stability
economic development

Question 2

What is the primary goal of foreign policy?

Answer 2

Protecting the nation and its citizens and property abroad

Question 3

What is national security?

Answer 3

protecting the nation and its citizens and property abroad

Question 4

Nevertheless, American security was rarely threatened in the nineteenth century.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

When did concern about national security only deepen?

Answer 5

during the Cold War

Question 6

In response to a Soviet nuclear threat, what did the United States maintain?

Answer 6

• a large peacetime military force
• sought to ease tensions diplomatically
• fought limited wars against communism in Korea, Vietnam, and Central America.

Question 7

Through skillful diplomacy, which Secretary of State forged a shaky peace between Israel, Egypt, and Syria that resulted in the lifting of the oil embargo?

Answer 7

Henry Kissinger

Question 8

In 1978, who brought the leaders of Israel and Egypt together in an attempt to build a “framework for peace” in the Middle East?

Answer 8

President Carter

Question 9

What was the result of the attempt to build a “framework of peace”?

Answer 9

the Camp David Accords

- in which the Israelis made territorial concessions while the Egyptians officially recognized Israel as a nation.

Question 10

After World War II, what did the United States respond with to the European devastation in which supplied billions of dollars to Western Europe to rebuild shattered economies and thereby bolster democracy?

Answer 10

the Marshall Plan

Question 11

The dominant theme of foreign policy during America’s first century was what?

Answer 11

isolationism

Question 12

What is isolationism?

Answer 12

a policy first formulated during the Washington administration

Question 13

Who believed that America’s fortunes should not be tied to Europe?

Answer 13

George Washington

Question 14

In 1853, who negotiated the first treaty between Japan and a Western nation?

Answer 14

Commodore Matthew Perry

Question 15

Who helped bring the gospel to China?

Answer 15

American missionaries

Question 16

Who was the first to preach salvation through Christ in Burma?

Answer 16

Adoniram Judson

Question 17

What cut short America’s empire building era?

Answer 17

Domestic problems

Question 18

Why did the United States practice nuclear deterrence during the Cold War?

Answer 18

To discourage Soviet aggression so that the Soviets would face massive retaliation if they attacked

Question 19

What are the two foreign policy themes?

Answer 19

nuclear deterrence

Containment

Question 20

What was the American policy toward communism during the Cold War which led to combat in Korea and Vietnam?

Answer 20

Containment

Question 21

During the presidential campaign of that year, who promised that, if elected, they would keep America out of war?

Answer 21

the incumbent Franklin Roosevelt and the challenger Wendell Willkie

Question 22

In the 1990s American forces performed peace-keeping operations where? while more risky trouble spots were ignored or treated with superficiality.

Answer 22

Balkans, Somalia, and Haiti

Question 23

Who enjoyed the power of the presidency as few other chief executives have, and his foreign policy reflected his pugnacious exuberance? He ordered American troops to the Dominican Republic just to collect that country’s debts to European investors.

Answer 23

Theodore Roosevelt

Question 24

After the Colombian government attempted to hike the price of a right-of-way for an isthmian canal, Roosevelt sponsored a revolution that led to the creation of the new state of Panama—which proved much more amenable to American demands. When Roosevelt sent the American navy—the Great White Fleet—around the world, a group of congressmen threatened to cut off its funding.

Answer 24

T

Question 25

What American Navy did Roosevelt send around the world?

Answer 25

The Great White Fleet

Question 26

Who was the first female national security advisor that emerged as an influential foreign policy player in the George W. Bush administration?

Answer 26

Condoleezza Rice

Question 27

The State Department and the Defense Department administer the two arms of American foreign policy which are?

Answer 27

international relations and national security

Question 28

What is the oldest and the most prestigious cabinet office?

Answer 28

The Department of State

Question 29

What are embassies?

Answer 29

government offices or residences located in foreign capitals

Question 30

What are located in foreign ports and other overseas trade centers?

Answer 30

Consular offices, or [consulates]

Question 31

Who chairs the department?

Answer 31

The secretary of defense

Question 32

Why must the secretary of defense not be a part of the active military or be at least ten years removed from active military involvement?

Answer 32

Intended to reflect the constitutional principle that military power should be subordinate to civilian power

Question 33

What is the largest military branch, operating primarily on land with infantry, artillery, tank, engineering, and chemicalwarfare units?

Answer 33

The army

Question 34

What was originally part of the army and was reorganized as a separate branch in 1947?

Answer 34

The Air Force

Question 35

The Senate is constitutionally empowered to approve treaties by what?

Answer 35

a two-thirds vote

append reservations and conditions to a treaty that were not part of the original agreement.

Question 36

When did the first diplomatic mission for the United States begin during its fight for independence?

Answer 36

when Benjamin Franklin sailed to France in 1779

Question 37

What are treaties?

Answer 37

formal agreements made between nations or groups of nations

Question 38

Who invoked the Monroe Doctrine in 1962 when he blocked the Soviet attempt to install missiles in Cuba?

Answer 38

President Kennedy

Question 39

The UN Securtiy Council is made up of five permanent members. Who are they?

Answer 39

China
France
Russia
the United Kingdom
the United States

Question 40

For example, in 1984 hundreds of thousands of Ethiopians starved to death during a severe drought. Americans were stirred to assist them after seeing the grim pictures on their television screens. Millions of dollars and tons of food and medical supplies were rushed to Ethiopia only to be bottled up by a cruel Marxist regime that deliberately restricted distribution of food to its own suffering people.

Answer 40

T

Question 41

In some ways, what are the reverse of foreign aid?

Answer 41

sanctions

Question 42

In international affairs, what do sanctions refer to?

Answer 42

coercive acts taken against a nation in an attempt to influence its actions

Question 43

What was one of the unintended consequences of Roosevelt’s “big stick” policy?

Answer 43

Growing resentment of American power

Question 44

What is frequently used by small groups who stand no chance of winning a traditional war?

Answer 44

Terrorism

Question 45

Which two terrorist organizations have used terrorism to advance political goals?

Answer 45

The Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) and the Irish Republican Army (IRA)

Question 46

Which terrorist organizations practiced terrorism for broad religious purposes?

Answer 46

the Muslim al-Qaeda and the Japanese doomsday cult Aum Shinrikyo

Question 47

What is a “rogue nation”?

Answer 47

the term usually refers to nations that seek to develop weapons of mass destruction; those that supply, support, or provide safe havens for terrorist organizations

Question 48

Outline the history of US foreign affairs. The bold titles with years

Answer 48

Isolation, 1790–1890
Expansion, 1890–1910
Vacillation, 1910–1940
Obligation, 1940–1991
Transition, 1991 to the Present

Question 49

Discuss the challenges the US faces today in making foreign policy.

Answer 49

• terrorism: Terrorism is the use of unlawful means of war to achieve one’s goals (P. 375)
• rogue nation: refers to nations that seek to develop weapons of mass destruction; those that supply, support, or provide safe havens for terrorist organizations (P. 376)
• regional conflicts: Several chronic conflicts threaten regional and world security (P. 376)
• weapons of mass destruction: nuclear, radiological, chemical, and biological (P. 377)
• globalization: The increased integration of world markets, politics, and culture (P. 377)
• anti-Americanism: “cultural imperialism”—the promotion of its culture at the expense of others (P. 378)
• fear and uncertainty: fear of destruction and uncertainty of the outcome (P. 380)

Question 50

Discuss the role of each of the following in correlation to foreign policy.
President, White House office, Congress, and media

Answer 50

President: the president heads the military forces of the United States. As head of state, he represents the United States abroad and initiates treaties and agreements with foreign leaders.
White House (Executive) Office: the Executive Office of the President help the president shape and implement foreign policy.
Congress: constitutionally empowered to approve treaties by a two-thirds vote. Senators may also append reservations and conditions to a treaty that were not part of the original agreement.
Media: The ability of the media to provide world news nearly instantaneously is a powerful force in shaping public opinion and thus in influencing foreign policy.