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SPEECH COMMUNICATION | PRELIM > Chapter 14: Language and Oral Style (F) > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Language and Oral Style (F) Flashcards

1
Q

This refers to how we convey messages through the spoken word

A

Oral Style

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2
Q

The goal in oral style is?

A

To adapt your language to the purpose, audience, and occasion

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3
Q

T or F

Even in formal situation, you must establish a relationship with you listeners

A

T

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4
Q

T or F
Though your oral style is more formal than everyday conversation, it should not involve your personal tone

A

F (it should still reflect a personal tone that encourages listeners to perceive you to be having a conversation with them)

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5
Q

What are the 4 primary characteristic to distinguish effective oral style

A
  1. Short sentences and Familiar language
  2. Plural Personal Pronouns
  3. Descriptive words and phrases
  4. Clear macrostructural elements
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6
Q

4 primary characteristic to distinguish effective oral style

Because listeners expect to grasp your main ideas while they listen, choose words that your audience is likely to understand without looking up definitions.

Like- wise, opt for short, simple sentences rather than complex ones that require additional time to decipher.

A
  1. An effective oral style tends toward short sentences and familiar language
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7
Q

4 primary characteristic to distinguish effective oral style

Using plural personal pro- nouns such as “we,” “us,” and “our” creates a sense of relationship with the audience.

It demonstrates respect for the audience as participants in the rhetorical situation.

A
  1. An effective oral style features plural personal pronouns
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8
Q

4 primary characteristic to distinguish effective oral style

By using colorful adjectives and adverbs that appeal to the senses, as well as rhetorical figures of speech

you will capture the interest of your audience to pay attention and motivate them to stay focused on it throughout

A
  1. An effective oral style features descriptive words and phrases that appeal to the ear in ways that sustain listener interest and promote retention

haba ng title just remember that effective oral style uses colorful and descriptive adjectives

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9
Q

4 primary characteristic to distinguish effective oral style

Consequently, you need to intentionally articulate a preview of your main points so listeners can conceptualize the framework for your main ideas at the outset

you need to provide section transitions that verbally signal when you are moving from one major idea to the next

A
  1. An effective oral style incorporates clear macrostructural element
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10
Q

T or F

Oral style is just the same from written style

A

F (Oral style differs from written style)

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11
Q

Means using language that adapts to the needs, interests, knowledge, and attitudes of listeners and avoiding language that might alienate anyone

A

Speaking Appropriately (KEYWORD: ADAPTING = BEING APPROPRIATE)

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12
Q

The psychological distance between speaker and audience

A

Verbal immediacy

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13
Q

T or F

Speaking appropriately means making language choices that enhance a sense of connection between you and your audience members

A

T

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14
Q

Speaking appropriately means? (CLUE: lima to)

FIve factors

A
  1. Highlight RELEVANCE of your topic
  2. Establishing COMMON GROUND
  3. SPEAKER CREDIBILITY
  4. Demonstrating LINGUISTIC SENSITIVITY
  5. Adapting CULTURAL DIVERSITY
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15
Q

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately

Listeners pay attention to and are interested in ideas they perceive as personally relevant (when they can answer the question, “What does this have to do with me?”)

A

Relevance

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16
Q

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: 1. Relevance

Refers to how the information can be used now

A

Timeliness

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17
Q

T or F

So whenever possible, use the present tense as you explain your ideas

A

T

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18
Q

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: 1. Relevance

Refers to information in relation to listeners’ personal space

A

Proximity

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19
Q

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: 1. Relevance

Psychologically, we pay more attention to information that is related to our ________—to our family, our neighborhood, or our city, state, or country.

A

“Territory”

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20
Q

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately:

Is the combination of background, knowledge, attitudes, experiences, and philosophies that you share with your audience

A

Common ground

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21
Q

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: 2. Common Ground

You should use what to identify areas of similarity?

A

Audience Analysis

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22
Q

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: 2. Common Ground

After identifying audience analysis what 3 things should we consider to establish a common ground?

A

Plural personal pronouns, rhetorical questions, common experiences

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23
Q

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: 2. Common Ground (4 things to consider in establishing common ground)

Use plural personal pronouns: we, us,
and our

A
  1. Use Plural Personal Pronouns
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24
Q

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: 2. Common Ground (3 things to consider in establishing common ground)

Is one whose answer is obvious to audience members and to which they are not expected to reply

A

Rhetorical Question

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25
Q

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: 2. Common Ground (4 things to consider in establishing common ground)

Create common ground by alluding to experiences that are shared by audience members and the speaker

Used in speech introductions but can also be effective as transitions

A
  1. Ask Rhetorical Questions
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26
Q

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: 2. Common Ground (4 things to consider in establishing common ground)

You can also develop common ground by sharing personal experiences, examples, and illustrations that embody what you and the audience have in common

A

Draw from Common Experiences

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27
Q

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately:

Is the confidence an audience places in the truthfulness of what a speaker says

A
  1. Credibility
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28
Q

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: 3. Speaker Credibility

T or F

Some people who are experts still have to adapt their remarks to establish their credibility

A

F (Some people are widely known experts in a particular area and DO NOT have to adapt their remarks to establish their credibility)

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29
Q

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately:

Choose words that are respectful of others and avoid potentially offensive language.

A
  1. Linguistic Sensitivity
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30
Q

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: 4. Linguistic Sensitivity

4 things to avoid in to demonstrate linguistic sensitivity

A
  1. Generic Language
  2. Nonparallel Language
  3. Offensive Humor
  4. Profanity and Vulgarity
31
Q

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: 4. Linguistic Sensitivity (4 things to avoid in to demonstrate linguistic sensitivity)

Uses words that apply only to one sex, race, or other group as though they represent everyone

ex: using he for all people

A

Generic language

32
Q

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: 4. Linguistic Sensitivity (4 things to avoid in to demonstrate linguistic sensitivity)

Is when terms are changed because of the sex, race, or other group characteristics of the individual

A

Nonparallel language

33
Q

What are the 2 common forms of Non-parallelism?

A

Marking and Irrelevant Association

34
Q

Form of Non-parallelism

When one person’s relationship to another is emphasized, even though that relationship is irrelevant to the point.

A

Irrelevant Association

35
Q

Form of Non-parallelism

Is the addition of sex, race, age, or other group designations to a description

ex: Jones is a black doctor

A

Marking

36
Q

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: 4. Linguistic Sensitivity (4 things to avoid in to demonstrate linguistic sensitivity)

Dirty jokes and racist, sexist, or other “-ist” remarks may not be intended to be offensive, but if some listeners are offended, you will have lost verbal immediacy

A

Offensive Humor

37
Q

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: 4. Linguistic Sensitivity (4 things to avoid in to demonstrate linguistic sensitivity)

T or F

To be most effective with your formal public speeches, avoid humorous comments or jokes that may be offensive to some listeners

A

T

38
Q

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: 4. Linguistic Sensitivity (4 things to avoid in to demonstrate linguistic sensitivity)

T or F

As a general rule, when in doubt, leave it out

A

T

39
Q

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: 4. Linguistic Sensitivity (4 things to avoid in to demonstrate linguistic sensitivity)

Are not considered appropriate language

A

Profanity and Vulgarity

40
Q

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately:

Language rules and expectations vary from culture to culture

A

Cultural Diversity

41
Q

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: Cultural Diversity

T or F

Most audience members are more tolerant of mistakes made by a second-language speaker than those of made by a native speaker

A

T

42
Q

5 factors to consider in of speaking appropriately: Cultural Diversity

One of the best ways to improve speech in second is practicing with whom?

A

Your friends that are native speakers

43
Q

Means using words that convey your meaning precisely

A

Speaking Clearly

44
Q

Speaking Clearly

In the semantic triangle, this refers to the thing or object we refer to with a word

A

“Referent”, which is the “symbol” we refer to it??

45
Q

Speaking Clearly

Our audience then attaches meaning to that symbol, which is what Richards and Ogden label the______

A

“Though of Referent”

46
Q

4 strategies for improving clarity

A
  1. Use of specific language
  2. Choose familiar terms
  3. Provide details and examples
  4. Limit vocalized pauses
47
Q

4 strategies for improving clarity

Refers to using precise words that clarify meaning by NARROWING what is understood from a GENERAL category to a PARTICULAR item or group within that category

A

Specific language

48
Q

4 strategies for improving clarity: 1.Specific language

T or F

Choosing a specific language is easier when you have a small working vocabulary

A

F (easier when you have a LARGER working vocabulary)

49
Q

4 strategies for improving clarity: 1.Specific language

As a general rule, we use complex words when?

A

Only when you/we believe that it is the very best word for a specific context

50
Q

4 strategies for improving clarity

Avoid jargon, slang, abbreviations, and acronyms unless:

(1) you define them clearly the first time they are used and

(2) using them is central to your speech goal.

A

Choose Familiar Terms

51
Q

4 strategies for improving clarity: 2.Choose Familiar Terms

Is the unique technical terminology of a trade or profession that is not generally understood by outsiders.

A

Jargon

52
Q

4 strategies for improving clarity: 2.Choose Familiar Terms

Refers to nonstandard vocabulary and definitions assigned to words by a social group or co-culture

A

Slang

53
Q

4 strategies for improving clarity: 2.Choose Familiar Terms

T or F

Overusing and misusing abbreviations and acronyms does not hinder clarity

A

F (overusing and misusing abbreviations and acronyms CAN also hinder clarity)

54
Q

4 strategies for improving clarity

Are unnecessary words interjected into sentences to fill moments of silence.

A

Vocalized pauses

55
Q

4 strategies for improving clarity

Sometimes, the word we use may not have a precise synonym. In these situations, clarity can be achieved by adding details or examples

A

3.Provide Details and Examples

56
Q

Is one effective way to maintain your audience’s interest and help them remember what you say

A

Speaking Vividly

57
Q

Speaking Vividly

words that are full of life—vigorous, bright, and intense

A

Vivid Language

58
Q

2 tips on how to speak vividly

A
  1. Use Sensory Language
  2. Use Rhetorical Figures and Structures of Speech
59
Q

2 tips on how to speak vividly: Speaking Vividly

To develop vivid sensory language, we should begin by considering what?

A

How we/you can re-create what something, someone, or some place looks like, sounds, feels, and taste or smells like (HOW SOMEONE TASTE LIKE???BJABDSHDXHEMI)

59
Q

2 tips on how to speak vividly: Speaking Vividly

Appeals to the senses of seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, and feeling

A

Sensory Language

60
Q

2 tips on how to speak vividly:

Make striking comparisons between things that are not obviously alike.

Doing so helps listeners visualize or internalize what you are saying

A

Rhetorical figures of speech

61
Q

2 tips on how to speak vividly:

Combine ideas in a particular way.

Any of these devices can serve to make your speech more memorable as long as they aren’t overused.

A

Rhetorical structures of speech

62
Q

2 tips on how to speak vividly:
Use Rhetorical Figures and Structures of Speech

Is a direct comparison of dissimilar things using the word like or as

ex: Clichés such as “He walks like a duck” and “She’s as busy as a bee” are similes.

A

Simile

63
Q

2 tips on how to speak vividly:
Use Rhetorical Figures and Structures of Speech

Is an implied comparison between two unlike things, expressed without using “like” or “as”

A

Metaphor

64
Q

2 tips on how to speak vividly:
Use Rhetorical Figures and Structures of Speech

T or F

Simile can be effective because they make an abstract concept more concrete, strengthen an important point, or heighten emotion

A

F (Metaphors)

65
Q

2 tips on how to speak vividly:
Use Rhetorical Figures and Structures of Speech

Is an extended metaphor

A

Analogy

66
Q

2 tips on how to speak vividly:
Use Rhetorical Figures and Structures of Speech

What is the difference of analogy and metaphor?

A

Metaphor is shorter, in analogy you explain it further

ex: saying that you are a black sheep of the family is a metaphor, whereas if your family members are also compared to as animals then that is an analogy

67
Q

2 tips on how to speak vividly:
Use Rhetorical Figures and Structures of Speech

T or F

Analogies are particularly useful to highlight the similarities between a complex or unfamiliar concept and a familiar one

A

T

68
Q

2 tips on how to speak vividly:
Use Rhetorical Figures and Structures of Speech

Is the repetition of vowel sounds in a phrase of phrases

ex: How now brown cow

A

Assonance

69
Q

2 tips on how to speak vividly:
Use Rhetorical Figures and Structures of Speech

T or F

Onomatopoeia make your speech more memorable as long as it’s not overused

A

F (Assonance)

70
Q

2 tips on how to speak vividly:
Use Rhetorical Figures and Structures of Speech

Is the use of words that sound like the things they stand for

ex: buzz, hiss, crack, plop

A

Onomatopoeia

71
Q

2 tips on how to speak vividly:
Use Rhetorical Figures and Structures of Speech

Attributes human qualities to a concept or an inanimate object

ex: referring to a car as a girlfriend

A

Personification

72
Q

2 tips on how to speak vividly:
Use Rhetorical Figures and Structures of Speech

Restating words, phrases, or sentences for emphasis

ex: repeating statements

A

Repetition

73
Q

2 tips on how to speak vividly:
Use Rhetorical Figures and Structures of Speech

Is combining contrasting ideas in the same sentence

ex: She’s as early as a turtle

A

Antithesis

SPEECH COMMUNICATION | PRELIM (14 decks)

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