Chapter 14 Grammar Flashcards
the passive voice in constructed with ?
the desired tense of essere + past participle
the agent, if expressed, is preceded by da following an indirect object
Venire can be used in the passive voice in
simple tenses only
Le vengono (sono) discusse in parlamento Laws are discussed in parliament
andare can be used with verbs that indicate ?
loss of something
perdere,
distruggere,
sprecare
smarrire
Molto cibo va (è) sprecato nei ristoranti.
A lot of food was wasted in restaurants
Alcuni documenti importanti erano andati (erano stati) distrutti nell’incendio
Some important documents were destroyed in the fire
Andare + past participle can be used in simple tenses to?
express necessity or obligation
( like dover essere + past participle)
Il vino bianco va servito (deve essere servito) freddo.
White wine must be served cold
va considerato
it must be considered
va detto
it must be said
va notato
it must be noticed
va ricordato
it must be remembered
va ripetuto
it must be repeated
non va demanticato
it mustn’t be forgotten
Only what kind of verbs can be put into passive form?
transitive
The direct object of an active sentence is made into the ? in a passive sentence
subject
An indirect object in an active sentence ?
remains an indirect object
the passive voice can also be expressed with
si + active form of the verb
particularly when the subject is not expressed
the verb is in the third-person singular or plural
the subject usually follows the verb
in compound tenses in essere is used
Non si studia abbastanza l’italiano.
Italian isn’t studied enough.
the impersonal si expressed by
Si + third-person singular
Si mangia tardi.
One eats late
The verb in impersonal expressions are singular , adjectives or nouns referring to the subject are
plural
Quando si è stanchi, non si ragiona bene.
In the si impersonale construction, compound tenses are always formed with
essere
If the verb normally requires avere the past participles takes
the masculine singular ending -o
Si è riso molto alla festa (La gente ha riso…)
People laughed a lot at the party.
If the verb normally requires essere, the past participles take
a plural ending
Si è nati per soffrire (Uno è nato…)
We were born to suffer.
When a reflexive verb is used in the impersonal,
si si + verb becomes (impersonal + reflexive + verb)
ci si + verb
Ci si alza presto d’estate.
People get up early in the summer.
In the si impersonal construction, object pronouns
precede si
only ne can follow and the si becomes se: se ne …
Come si parla al nonno? Gli si parla con rispetto.
How does one talk to Grandpa? One talk to him with respect.
Si, se ne può fare a meno.
Yes, people can do without it.
What constructions use si
reflexive: Luigi si vesti; Louis got dressed
reciprocal: Si sono incontrati al bar; They met one another at the café.
passive: Si richiede la laurea; A university degree is required.
Impersonal: Si dice che nevicharà; They say it will snow.
dopo: after, as a preposition and conjugation
preposition dopo dopo di (+ personal pronoun)
Ci vedremo dopo il concerto
We’ll meet after the concert.
conjunctions dopo che (+ indicative)
Non l’ho più vista dopo che si è sposata.
I didn’t see her anymore after she got married.
prima: before, as a preposition and conjugation
preposition
prima di
Preparerò la tavola prima di mezzogiorno
I’ll set the table before noon.
Conjugation prima che (+ subjunctive)
Preparerò la tavola prima che arrivino gli invitati.
I’ll set the table before the guests arrive.
perchè: because, as a preposition and conjugation
preposition
a causa di
Non sono uscita a causa della neve.
I didn’t go out because of the snow.
conjugation
perché (+ indicative)
Non sono uscita perché nevicava.
I didn’t go out because it was snowing.
da: since, as a preposition and conjugation
preposition
da
Siamo senz’acqua da domenica
We’ve been without water since Sunday.
conjugation da quando (+ indicative)
Siamo senz’acqua da quando sei partito tu.
We’ve been without water since you left
da: cause, as a preposition and conjugation
conjugation
dato che (+ indicative)
poiché (+ indicative)
Non posso comprarlo data che non ho soldi.
I can’t buy it since I don’t have any money.
fino: until, as a preposition and conjugation
preposition
fino a
Aspettate a uscire fino al mio ritorno.
Wait until my return before going out.
conjugation
finché (+ indicative or subjunctive)
Aspettate a uscire finché io non torni.
Wait until I return before going out.
finché non requires the subjunctive only
senza: without, as a preposition and conjugation
preposition
senza
senza di (+ personal pronoun)
Siamo rimasti senza soldi.
We remained without money.
conjugation senza che (+ subjunctive)
Partirono senza che io lo sapessi.
They left without my knowing it.
Discorso diretto vs indiretto
usually speech is reported indirectly
introduced by verbs like
dire, affermare, dichiarare, esclamare, chiedere, and rispondere followed by che
In converting from direct to indirect discourse, no change of tense occurs if the verb introducing direct discourse is in the
in the present or future
direct
Fausto dice: <>
Fausto says, “Anna is likable”
indirect
Fausto dice che Anna è simpatica.
Fausto says that Anna is likable.
Many tenses and moods change in indirect discourse if the verb introducing the direct discourse is in the
past
passato prossimo
passato remoto
imperfetto
trapassato
Introduced by a verb in the past, verbs in the present in direct discourse becomes ? in indirect discourse
imperfetto
Carlo diceva sempre: <>
Carlo diceva sempre che lui sapeva nuotare molto bene.
Introduced by a verb in the past, verbs in the passato prossimo/remoto in direct discourse becomes ? in indirect discourse
trapassato prossimo
Carlo ha detto: <>
Carlo had detto che aveva sempre amato i suoi genitori.
Introduced by a verb in the past, verbs in the futuro in direct discourse becomes ? in indirect discourse
condizionale passato
Carlo ha detto:<>
Carlo ha detto che sarebbe venuto alle otto.
Introduced by a verb in the past, verbs in the imperativo in direct discourse becomes ? in indirect discourse
congiuntivo imperfetto or di + infinito
Carlo mi ha detto:<>
Carlo ha detto che gli facessi (di fargli) un favore.
Introduced by a verb in the past, verbs in the congiuntivo presente in direct discourse becomes ? in indirect discourse
congiuntivo imperfetto
Carlo disse:<>
Carlo disse che pensava che lei si sbagliasse
Introduced by a verb in the past, verbs in the congiuntivo passato in direct discourse becomes ? in indirect discourse
congiuntivo trapassato
Carlo disse:<>
Carlo disse che temeva che avessero avuto un incidente.
In direct discourse to indirect discourse, first- and second-person pronouns and possessives become
third-person pronouns and possessives
io, tu -- lui mio, tuo -- suo a me, a te -- a lui noi, voi -- loro nostro, vostro -- loro a noi, a voi -- a loro
In direct discourse to indirect discourse, questo becomes
quello
In direct discourse to indirect discourse, qui (qua) becomes
li (là)
In direct discourse to indirect discourse, ora becomes
allora
In direct discourse to indirect discourse, oggi becomes
in quel giorno
that same day
In direct discourse to indirect discourse, domani becomes
il giorno dopo (l’indomani)
the following day
In direct discourse to indirect discourse, ieri becomes
il giorno prima
the day before
In direct discourse to indirect discourse, la settimana scorsa becomes
la settimana precedente
the previous week
In direct discourse to indirect discourse, la settimana prossima becomes
la settimana seguente
the following week
