Chapter 12 Grammar Flashcards
infinito has to forms:
the simple (present) and the compound (past) infinitive
the compound (past) infinitive is made with
the infinitive of avere or ester and a past participle
the past infinitive made with avere and essere both mean
to have + verb
with essere the past participle must
agree with subject in gender and number
object pronouns are
attached to the end of the infinitive
reflexive pronouns are
attached to the end and must match the subject
in the past infinitive the reflexive pronoun is
attached to the end of esserse
the infinitive may be used as
1) the subject of a sentence
Parlare con lui è un vero piacere.
2) an impersonal expression containing essere
Non sapevo che fosse proibito parcheggiare qui.
3) an imperative in impersonal commands
Tenere la destra.
4) object of verbs like volere, potter, and dovere expressing likes, dislikes, wishing, preferring …
Non volevano uscire. Preferivano aspettare
Most verbs require a ? before a dependent infinitive
preposition - some require an “a” others a “di”
S’è abituato a bere l’espresso
He got used to drinking espresso.
Non vuoi ammettere di aver torto?
Don’t you want to admit you’re wrong?
Most adjectives require a ? before a dependent infinitive
a preposition - some require an “a” other a “di”
Erano abituati a fare la siesta.
They were used to taking a siesta.
Silvia era ansiosa di essere sola
Silvia was anxious to be alone.
Some adjectives require ? in the reflexive form if the dependent infinitive has a passive meaning
da + infinitive
a + infinitive
Questo formaggio è buona da mangiare con la frutta
Era una cosa orribile da vedere.
Some of the adjectives that require da + infinitive if the dependent infinitive has a passive meaning
facile, difficile, bello, buono, brutto, cattivo, orribile, eccellente
Nouns require a “da” before a dependent infinitive when
the infinitive indicates the purpose and use of the noun
Dov’è la roba da mangiare?
Nouns require a “di” (sometimes ‘a’ or ‘per’)
when the infinitive expresses an active meaning
È ora di mangiare?
Is it time to eat?
The prepositions a, da, in, con, su, and tra require the ? which combines with the preposition before the infinitive
masculine singular article
Nel rispondere cerca d’essere chiaro
In answering try to be clear
Prepositions that can introduce an infinitive without an article
invece di, oltre a (oltre che), per, piuttosto che - rather than prima di, senza, tranne (che) - except
Infinito passato is used
to express an action that has clearly taken place fore the action expressed by the main verb
Non credo di averli capiti
I don’t think I understood them
the passed infinitive is always used after what verb
ringraziare
Vi ringrazio di essere venuti e di averci portato i fiori.
the infinito passato can be introduced by verb or expression and must always be used following
dopo
Cosa hai fatto dopo essere ritornato a casa?
What did you do after returning home?
The Italian gerundio is similar to the English
present participle
Reading your letter, I found many mistakes.
the gerundio has to forms the present ? and the compound past ?
- ando for are verbs
- endo for ere and ire verbs
avendo + past participle
essendo + past participle
the translation of both avendo and essendo is “having”
verb that use the Latin stem for the ? use the stem for the gerundio
imperfetto
bevevo - bevendo dicevo - dicendo facevo - facendo introdurre: introducevo - introducendo porre: ponevo - ponendo
reflexive and object pronouns follow the gerundio and are ? to it. in the compound past they follow and are ? to ?
attached to it
attached to avendo or essendo
the gerundio presente is used with the present or the imperfetto of the verb ? to express action in progress in the present or the past
stare