Chapter 11 Grammar Flashcards by Tim Sexton

Periodo ipotetico

A dependent clause introduced by if (se) indicating a condition, a possibility, or a hypothesis and a main clause indicating the result of the condition

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Periodo ipotetico can express …

1) real or probable situations
2) possible situations
3) a hypothesis

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When periodo ipotetico is describing a real or probably situation it is constructed of

The se clause in the indicative

A result clause in the indicative, or the imperativo

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Se + presente can be followed by the

Presente, futuro, imperativo

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Se + futuro is followed by

Futuro

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Se + passato prossimo, remoto or imperfetto can be followed by

Presente, futuro, imperfetto, passato prossimo or remoto, or imperativo

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When the se clause describes a probable or imaginary situation (likely or unlikely) the periodo ipotetico is constructed with

Se + congiuntivo imperfetto followed by
The conditional (usually present)

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Se + congiuntivo imperfetto is followed by …

Condizionale presente or

Condizionale passato

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When describing improbable or impossible situations (contrary to fact or unlikely) the periodo ipotetico is constructed using

A se clause in the past perfect subjunctive (congiuntivo passato)
Followed by a clause in the conditional (usually conditional perfect)

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Se + congiuntivo trapassato is followed by the

Condizionale passato or

Condizionale presente

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Congiuntivo imperfetto forms

ssi
ssi
sse
ssimo
ste
ssero

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Congiuntivo imperfetto of essence

Fossi
Fossi
Fossi
Fossimo
Fossero

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The congiuntivo trapassato is formed with

Imperfect subjunctive (congiuntivo imperfetto) of avere or essere followed by the past participle of the verb

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Congiuntivo imperfetto of avere

Avessi
Avessi
Avessi
Avessimo 
Aveste 
Avessero

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Condizionale presente

rei
resti
rebbe
remmo
reste
rebbero

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Condizionale passato is formed by

The present conditional of avere and essere plus the past participle

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Condizionale presente of avere

Avrei 
Avresti 
Avrebbe
Avremmo
Avreste 
Avrebbero

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Condizionale presente of essere

Sarei 
Saresti 
Sarebbe
Saremmo 
Sareste
Sarebbero

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Se followed by the imperfect subjunctive (congiuntivo imperfetto to introduce a suggestion means …

How about...?
What about...?
Shouldn’t we?
Se prendessimo le farie in maggio 
How about taking our vacation

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Che ne diresti (direbbe) can also introduce a …

Suggestion
Che ne diresti di venire al cinema con me?
How about going to the movies with me?

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Se introduced by a verb that denotes doubt or uncertainty or asks a question means

Whether
Mi domando se è possiblile?
I wonder if (weather) it’s possible?

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The imperfect and past perfect may be used with se or alone to is used to …

Express a wish or regret
Se i vecchi chi pot essere e i giovani sapessero!
If only the old could and the you knew!

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Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs and express time, place, manner and quantity and are

Invariable

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Adverbs are most often formed by adding ? To the feminine form fo the adjective

-mente

Vero to vera to veramente (truly)

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If an adjective ends in a -le or -re preceded by a vowel, the final e is dropped before adding ? to form and adverb

-mente

Nouns and adjectives and many adverbs can be modified with suffixes to to indicate

Intensity of quality | Bene- benone - very well

Adverbs usually ? The verb

In compound tenses, adverbs are placed

Between auxiliary verb and past participle (especially adverbs of time like gia Directly after the past participle (place, time and manner) Before auxiliary verb for emphasis

Anche normally ? the word it refers to

Precedes

Anche cannot be used to begin a sentence to mean “also”, instead you must use

Inoltre

(Cosi) + adjective or adverb+ come | (Tanto) + adjective or adverb +come

As ...as | La Mia casa e (cosi) grande come la tua

Tanto + noun+ quanto | Tanto quanto

As much as

Piu...di | Piu...che

More...than | -er...than

Meno...di | Meno...che

Less...than | Fewer...than

When two words of the same grammatical category are directly compared (and can be reversed) in relation to the same person thing or action

Piu/meno ... che

Superlativo relativo

Article + piu or meno

When the superlative follows the noun

The definite article is not repeated

What often follows the superlative

A verb in the subjunctive

with the superlative of adverbs the article is usually omitted unless ? is added

Possibile

Superlativo assoluto

Addition of -issima, -issimi, -issime to an adjective -issimo to adverbs -mente to the feminine superlative adjective -issimamente Adding prefix to adjective, arci-, stra-,extra-, super-, ultra- By repeating the adjective or adverb

Superlative assoluto of adverb

-issimo to the end

Bene, meglio, il meglio,...

Motto bene, benissimo, ottimamente | Very well

Male, peggio, il peggio

Motto male, malissimo, pessimament | Very badly

Molto, piu (di piu), il piu,...

Moltissimo | Very little

Poco, meno (meno di), il meno

Pochissimo | Very little

Più alta

Taller

Più bassi

Lower, shorter

Superiore

Greater, more than

Inferiore

Lesser, poorer

Maggiore

Greater, major, older

Minore

Lesser, younger

Il maggiore

The oldest

Il minore

The youngest

Bigger Biggest when referring physical size

Piu grande | Il piu grande

Smaller Smallest When referring to physical size

Piu piccolo | Il piu piccolo

Better | When material qualities are compared

``` Migliore (more often for qualities and values) Piu buono(more often for material qualities) Can be interchanged when material qualities are compared ```

Lesser, lower

``` Inferiore (more often for qualities and values) Piu bassi (more often for material qualities) Can be interchanged when material qualities are compared ```

I miei migliori amici

My best friends

Il Minimo

Smallest

Ottima

Excellent

Il peggiore

The worst

Piano superiore

Upper floor

Infimo

Minimal

Minime | Massime

Lowest | Highest

Malissimo | Benissimo

Very badly | Very good

Il meno possibile

Little as possible

In relative superlative, the article is usually omitted unless ? is added

Possibile Meglio Il meglio possibile

More Less when used alone without a noun

Di piu | Di meno

Sempre piu | Sempre meno

More and more | Less and less

Piu...piu | Meno...meno

The more ... the more | The less ... the less

Il piu I piu La maggior parte (la maggioranza) + di + noun + verb

The greatest quantity, the majority, most persons

Better Worse As adjectives

Migliore/Migliori | Peggiore/peggiori

Better Worse As adverbs

Meglio | Peggio