Chapter 11 Grammar Flashcards
Periodo ipotetico
A dependent clause introduced by if (se) indicating a condition, a possibility, or a hypothesis and a main clause indicating the result of the condition
Periodo ipotetico can express …
1) real or probable situations
2) possible situations
3) a hypothesis
When periodo ipotetico is describing a real or probably situation it is constructed of
The se clause in the indicative
A result clause in the indicative, or the imperativo
Se + presente can be followed by the
Presente, futuro, imperativo
Se + futuro is followed by
Futuro
Se + passato prossimo, remoto or imperfetto can be followed by
Presente, futuro, imperfetto, passato prossimo or remoto, or imperativo
When the se clause describes a probable or imaginary situation (likely or unlikely) the periodo ipotetico is constructed with
Se + congiuntivo imperfetto followed by The conditional (usually present)
Se + congiuntivo imperfetto is followed by …
Condizionale presente or
Condizionale passato
When describing improbable or impossible situations (contrary to fact or unlikely) the periodo ipotetico is constructed using
A se clause in the past perfect subjunctive (congiuntivo passato)
Followed by a clause in the conditional (usually conditional perfect)
Se + congiuntivo trapassato is followed by the
Condizionale passato or
Condizionale presente
Congiuntivo imperfetto forms
- ssi
- ssi
- sse
- ssimo
- ste
- ssero
Congiuntivo imperfetto of essence
Fossi Fossi Fossi Fossimo Fossero
The congiuntivo trapassato is formed with
Imperfect subjunctive (congiuntivo imperfetto) of avere or essere followed by the past participle of the verb
Congiuntivo imperfetto of avere
Avessi Avessi Avessi Avessimo Aveste Avessero
Condizionale presente
- rei
- resti
- rebbe
- remmo
- reste
- rebbero
Condizionale passato is formed by
The present conditional of avere and essere plus the past participle
Condizionale presente of avere
Avrei Avresti Avrebbe Avremmo Avreste Avrebbero
Condizionale presente of essere
Sarei Saresti Sarebbe Saremmo Sareste Sarebbero
Se followed by the imperfect subjunctive (congiuntivo imperfetto to introduce a suggestion means …
How about...? What about...? Shouldn’t we? Se prendessimo le farie in maggio How about taking our vacation
Che ne diresti (direbbe) can also introduce a …
Suggestion
Che ne diresti di venire al cinema con me?
How about going to the movies with me?
Se introduced by a verb that denotes doubt or uncertainty or asks a question means
Whether
Mi domando se è possiblile?
I wonder if (weather) it’s possible?
The imperfect and past perfect may be used with se or alone to is used to …
Express a wish or regret
Se i vecchi chi pot essere e i giovani sapessero!
If only the old could and the you knew!
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs and express time, place, manner and quantity and are
Invariable
Adverbs are most often formed by adding ? To the feminine form fo the adjective
-mente
Vero to vera to veramente (truly)
If an adjective ends in a -le or -re preceded by a vowel, the final e is dropped before adding ? to form and adverb
-mente
Nouns and adjectives and many adverbs can be modified with suffixes to to indicate
Intensity of quality
Bene- benone - very well
Adverbs usually ? The verb
Follow
In compound tenses, adverbs are placed
Between auxiliary verb and past participle (especially adverbs of time like gia
Directly after the past participle (place, time and manner)
Before auxiliary verb for emphasis
Anche normally ? the word it refers to
Precedes
Anche cannot be used to begin a sentence to mean “also”, instead you must use
Inoltre
(Cosi) + adjective or adverb+ come
(Tanto) + adjective or adverb +come
As …as
La Mia casa e (cosi) grande come la tua
Tanto + noun+ quanto
Tanto quanto
As much as
Piu…di
Piu…che
More…than
-er…than
Meno…di
Meno…che
Less…than
Fewer…than
When two words of the same grammatical category are directly compared (and can be reversed) in relation to the same person thing or action
Piu/meno … che
Superlativo relativo
Article + piu or meno
When the superlative follows the noun
The definite article is not repeated
What often follows the superlative
A verb in the subjunctive
with the superlative of adverbs the article is usually omitted unless ? is added
Possibile
Superlativo assoluto
Addition of -issima, -issimi, -issime to an adjective
-issimo to adverbs
-mente to the feminine superlative adjective -issimamente
Adding prefix to adjective, arci-, stra-,extra-, super-, ultra-
By repeating the adjective or adverb
Superlative assoluto of adverb
-issimo to the end
Bene, meglio, il meglio,…
Motto bene, benissimo, ottimamente
Very well
Male, peggio, il peggio
Motto male, malissimo, pessimament
Very badly
Molto, piu (di piu), il piu,…
Moltissimo
Very little
Poco, meno (meno di), il meno
Pochissimo
Very little
Più alta
Taller
Più bassi
Lower, shorter
Superiore
Greater, more than
Inferiore
Lesser, poorer
Maggiore
Greater, major, older
Minore
Lesser, younger
Il maggiore
The oldest
Il minore
The youngest
Bigger
Biggest
when referring physical size
Piu grande
Il piu grande
Smaller
Smallest
When referring to physical size
Piu piccolo
Il piu piccolo
Better
When material qualities are compared
Migliore (more often for qualities and values) Piu buono(more often for material qualities) Can be interchanged when material qualities are compared
Lesser, lower
Inferiore (more often for qualities and values) Piu bassi (more often for material qualities) Can be interchanged when material qualities are compared
I miei migliori amici
My best friends
Il Minimo
Smallest
Ottima
Excellent
Il peggiore
The worst
Piano superiore
Upper floor
Infimo
Minimal
Minime
Massime
Lowest
Highest
Malissimo
Benissimo
Very badly
Very good
Il meno possibile
Little as possible
In relative superlative, the article is usually omitted unless ? is added
Possibile
Meglio
Il meglio possibile
More
Less
when used alone without a noun
Di piu
Di meno
Sempre piu
Sempre meno
More and more
Less and less
Piu…piu
Meno…meno
The more … the more
The less … the less
Il piu
I piu
La maggior parte (la maggioranza)
+ di + noun + verb
The greatest quantity, the majority, most persons
Better
Worse
As adjectives
Migliore/Migliori
Peggiore/peggiori
Better
Worse
As adverbs
Meglio
Peggio
