chapter 14 Flashcards
lymphatic system
-lymph
-lymphatic vessels
-lymphoid organs
lymphy components
-interstitial fluid
-lymphocytes
-macrophages
3 types fo lymph tissue
-diffuse lymphatic tissue
-lymphatic nodules
-lymphatic organs
diffuse lymphatic tissue
-has no capsule
-found in connective tissue of almost all organs
lymphatic nodule
-has fibrous capsule (dense ct and colalgen)
-oval shaped masses
-can be alone or in clusters
-1-25mm diameter
-tissue and nodes are in locations where injusry and infection are most likely
lymphatic organs
-HAS A CAPSULE
-lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland
lymph
-clear colorless fluid that is similar to plasma but low in proteins
-supplies lymphocytes to the bloodstream
lymphatic cells
-nk, b, t, macrophage, dendritic cells and reticular cells
nk
attack and kill cells
-surveillance
t cells
thymus dependent and where they develop
-helper t, regulatory t, memory t and cytotoxic t
-come from bone marrow but go to thymus for immunocompetance by thymosin
b cells
plasma cells that secrete antibodies
-bone marrow derived and immunocompetant there
-differentiate to plasmocyte and memory b
macrophage
develop from monocytes and show material to the t cells
dendritic cells
-branches macrophage
-in epidermis, mucous membrane and lymphatic organs
reticulr cells
-stationary cells and the stroma of the lymphatic organs (give the organs structure/ support)
primary lymphoid structure
thymus gland
-it causes differentiation of lymphocytes which leads to t, b, and nk
secondary lymphoid structures
-lymph nodes and tonsils
-have lymphocytes and more b cells to fight infection
lymphoid system functions
-maintain blood volume
-maintain chemical composition of interstitial fluid
-transport of homrones, nutrients and waste
small lymphatic vessels
lymphatic capillaries
large lymphatic vessels
lymphatic ducts
lymph capillaries vs vascular capillaries
-lymph= larger in diameter, thinner walls, irregular outline, anchoring filaments to connect to surrounding connective tissue to keep the capillaries open and greater permeability
lymphatic vessels vs veins
lymph= thinner walls, larger lumens, identifiable tunics and larger ones will have valves like veins
lymphatic valves
vessel has lower pressure than vein pressure
-prevent lymph backflow
-lymph propelled by skeletal muscle contractions
-breathing in decreases thoracic pressure and moves lymph towards venous system
venous system
subclavians
primary cells of lymphatic system
lymphocytes
-respond to abnormal growth (cancer), invading bacteria and foreign proteins/ toxins released by bacteria
cytotoxic t cells
attack foreign cells
helpter t
coordinate immune response
suppressor t
coordinate immune response
memory t
activate is same antigen reapears later
-kill
plasmocyte
produce antibodies that react with antigen
-antigens= immunoglobulins
memory b
activate if same antigen reappears later
-antibodies
immunological surveullance cells
nk
cell mediated immunity
-cell to cell attack
antibody mediated immunity
blood is main transport for antibodies
-humoral immunity
bacterial antigen immune response
- macrophage activated by the antigen
- macrophages will phagocytize foreign substance
- macrophage present the antigen to specific t cell
- t cells divide to product cytotoxic t, helpter t, and memory t
- cytotoxic kill bacterial agen
- helper activate b cells
- b cells produce antibodies against basteria
- antigens and antibodies attract leukocytes that kill bacteria
lymphocyte production
pluripotential stem cell will produce two lymphoid stem cells
-first one foes to thymus to get thymosin and lymphocytes become t cells that stay in tissue or circulate in blood
-second will go to bone and become b cells and nk that stay in tissue or circulate
lymph tissue characteristics
-tissue dominate by lymphocytes
-lymphocytes loosely aggregate in connective tissue
nodule characteristics
-lymphocytes are in a supporting framework
-nodules have germinal center that has lymphocytes
nodule types
-mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
-tonsils
-aggregated nodules (peyers patches and appendix)
MALT
associated with digestive tract
tonsils
-five sets (one pharyngeal, two palatine and two lingual)
aggregated
-small intestine
node locations
-cervical region
-axillary region
-breasts
-abdominal region
-inguinal region
node parts
-cortex (has germinal centers)
-medulla (medullary cords)
lymph nodule flow
enter through afferent, through sinuses and leave through efferent lymphatic
nodule structure
-capsule has afferent vessels
-subcapsular space
-outer cortex
-germinal centers
-medulla and medullary cords
-hilum and efferent vessels
thymus
posterioir to manubrium of the sternum
-biggest at puberty then shrinks
-two lobes (r and l)
-many lobules separated by septs
-medulla and cortex
thymus cortex
stem cells waiting differentiation and mature t cells that are going to the medulla
thymus medulla
inactive t cells
-thymic corpuscles (unknown function)
spleen
largest lymphoid organ
-left edge of the stomach
-2 surfaces: diapgragmatic and visceral
-has a capsule
-NO AFFERENT VESSELS OR SINUSES
visceral surface regions
gastric and renal
-is the hilum
red pulp of the spleen
has components of circulating blood
white pulm
forms lymphatic nodules
functions of the spleen
filter and store blood
tonsils
-groups of large lymphatic nodules
-in the mucous membrane of the oral and pharyngeal cavities
-3 types
palatine tonsils
posterioir lateral wall of the oropharynx
pharyngeal tonsil
posterioir wall of nasopharynx
lingual tonsil
base of the tongue
first line of defense
-skin
-mucous membrane
-secretions of the skin and mucous membrane
second line of defense
-phagocytic white blood cells
-antimicrobial proteins
-inflammatory response
third line of defense
-lymphocytes
-antibodies
