Chapter 13 - Roles of Fragrances/Fragrance Ingredients; Fragrance Ingredients - Safety Aspects Flashcards
What are the roles of fragrances?
- Influence consumer purchases
- Mask odours
- Actual functionality
How do fragrances affect consumer purchases?
1) Support product’s function
- Anti-dandruff shampoo - ‘Medicinal smell’
- Baby shampoo - ‘Gentle, soft’ scent
2) Emphasise specific imagery
- Suntan oil products - Coconut scent for tropical holiday theme
3) Emphasise presence of specific ingredients
- Honey moisturizing shampoo - Honey scent
- Tea tree oil shampoo - Tea tree oil scent
How do fragrances help mask odours?
1) To alter the product’s smell (Some raw materials inherently have unpleasant odour)
- Thiol compounds in permanent hair-waving products
- Fats and waxes (thickeners, surfactants and emulsifiers) in some skin or hair care products
2) To produce ‘unscented’ products
- Finished product with minimal smell
How do fragrances help achieve its actual functionality?
Certain essential oils, such as thyme oil have antimicrobial properties
Define the terminologies ‘hazard’, ‘risk’ and ‘risk assessment’.
1) Hazard:
- Potential to cause injury
- Intrinsic properties
- No relation to dose/exposure
2) Risk:
- Probability of harm
- Relation with exposure
3) Risk assessment:
- Evaluates potential of a material to cause harm
- How likely this potential is reached during normal-use condition
What does ‘safety’ mean in cosmetics?
- Relative term that can only estimate probability of harm
- Judgement that a particular exposure to a substance has either no foreseeable risk of harm, or negligible risk
What is the difference between a medicine and a poison?
The dose given
What are the 6 components relating to risk assessment?
1) Hazard identification
2) Dose-response
3) Exposure assessment
4) Risk characterization
5) Risk management
6) Risk communication
What are the 2 main international fragrance organizations that practice self-regulation?
1) International Fragrance Association (IFRA)
2) Research Institute for Fragrance Materials (RIFM)
What is defined according to the IFRA standards?
Define safe use levels for individual fragrance ingredients
According to the IFRA standards, what is the difference between ‘Prohibited’, ‘Restricted’ and ‘Specification’?
Prohibited - Material cannot be used as a fragrance ingredient
Restricted - Use of the material should be limited quantitatively
Specification - Purity criteria for the materials should be adhered to.
What is fragrance on skin evaluated as?
Exposure route
Describe what is skin irritation.
Redness (erythema) and/or swelling (oedema):
- Usually disappears after irritant removed
Most fragrance ingredients:
- Mild or moderate irritants when in undiluted forms
- Low levels in consumer products
What is skin sensitization?
Some ingredients may penetrate through skin causing immune response (allergic contact dermatitis)
Usually appears some time after contact
More severe upon subsequent exposure
How does photoeffects cause skin sensitization?
Some coumarin derivatives cause skin sensitization when exposed to sunlight (E.g 7-methoxycoumarin)
What are the natural phototoxic ingredients in citrus peel oils called?
Furocoumarins
E.g (bergaptene/ 5-methoxypsoralen)
Who regulates the cosmetic products in Singapore?
Health Sciences Authority (HSA)
What are the legislations related to HSA?
Health Products (Cosmetic Products - ASEAN Cosmetic Directive) Regulations 2007 Health Products Act (Amendment of First Schedule) (No.2) Order 2007
When was the ASEAN Cosmetic Directive (ACD) effective and what was new?
January 2008
Under the ASEAN Harmonized Cosmetic Regulatory Scheme, one standard scheme for regulating cosmetic products in ASEAN countries
What are the ASEAN guidelines for safety assessment of cosmetics?
Composition of fragrances generally not available to cosmetics manufacturer, adequate information on fragrance safety to be provided by raw material supplier.
- Certificate of compliance to the latest IFRA guidelines
- Maximum safe concentration depending on product type
What is Appendix II of the ACD?
Cosmetic labelling requirements
- Full ingredient listing
What is the difference between the ACD and EU fragrance ingredient labelling?
ACD - Perfume/Fragrance
EU - Parfum/aroma
How can fragrance ingredient labelling for cosmetic product aid in risk communication?
- Ensure fragrance-sensitive consumers are adequately informed about the presence of these ingredients in cosmetic products
- Improve diagnosis of contact allergies in such consumers
