Chapter 11 vocab. (all sections) Flashcards
Spinning jenny
A machine that could spin several threads at once, created by James Hargreaves in 1764
Eli Whitney
American inventor, made interchangeable parts to speed up gun making
Interchangeable parts
Every piece was the same for the same model, saved time and money, invented by Eli Whitney, idea spread rapidly, impelled small workshops to turn into factories
Industrial Revolution
Long and slow way that changed the way that goods were produced, started in Britain
Urbanization
The movement of populations from farms to cities
Turnpikes
Made by private companies, called turnpike because at various points in the road there would be a pole (pike) blocking the way and when you paid, the wagon keeper would move the pole to let the wagon pass, made of gravel and stones
Lancaster Turnpike
Considered the best road in the U.S at the time, built in the 1790s, linked Philadelphia and Lancaster, made on a bed of gravel so water rolled right off, topped with flat stones
Corduroy roads
Roads in swampy areas, kept wagons from sinking into the mud, called corduroy roads because they were logs laid next to each other to make a road, made a bumpy ride
National Road
Work began in 1811 and was completed in 1818, ran from Cumberland, Maryland to Wheeling, West Virginia, settlers used it to drive their wagons to the West, Congress approved the idea in 1806
John Fitch
Showed the Constitutional Convention in 1787 how a steam engine could power a boat, opened a ferry service on the Delaware River, but nobody used it so he went out of business
Robert Fulton
Launched the Clermont on the Hudson River in 1807, on its first run it carried passengers from New York City to Albany and back in 62 hours (a record at the time)
Henry Shreve
Designed a flat-bottomed steamboat which could carry heavy loads without getting stuck on the sandbars
Canal
Artificial channel filled with water that allows a boat to cross a stretch of land
Erie Canal
Let western farmers ship their goods to the port of New York, DeWitt Clinton persuaded state lawmakers to fund the canal, called “Clinton’s Ditch” by critics, connected the Mohawk and Hudson Rivers with the Great Lakes, work began in 1817 and finished in 1825, instant success, cost of shipping goods dropped to around 1/20 of the price before the canal, made New York City the city that it is today, led other states to build canals
James Monroe
Became the 5th president in 1816, Republican, nobody ran against him for second term in 1820, spoke of creating national unity, last of the 3 presidents to come from Virginia in a row, last Revolutionary War general to become president, made a goodwill tour of the country in 1817, started the “Era of Good Feelings”
John C. Calhoun
Spoke for the South, supported the War of 1812, called “young Hercules”, opposed policies that would strengthen the federal government
Daniel Webster
Spoke for the North, opposed the War of 1812, refused to vote for taxes that helped to fund the War of 1812, wanted the federal government to have a larger role in the economy
Henry Clay
Spoke for the West, called “the Great Compromiser” and “Gallant Harry of the West”, was the leader of the War Hawks, favored a stronger role of the federal government in the economy
Dumping
The process of selling goods in another country for cheaper than the country the goods are being sold in
Sectionalism
Loyalty to one’s section or state rather than to the country or nation as a whole
American System
Made by Henry Clay, never fully went into effect, called for high tariffs on imports in order to help the North, with this money that the North would be gaining, they would buy goods from the West and South, high tariffs reduced American dependence on foreign goods, called for Congress to use money from tariffs to build bridges, roads, and canals, Clay believed that a better transportation system would make it cheaper and easier for farmers in the South and West to ship their goods to cities to be sold, South opposed the American System because the South already had good rivers to ship goods on, also opposed it because it gave them no direct benefit, their opposition led to the South seceding from the Union and ultimately , the Civil War
McCulloch v. Maryland
After the second Bank of America was made, Maryland tried to tax the bank to drive it out of business, James McCulloch (the bank cashier), refused to pay the tax, the case went to the Supreme Court, Marshall ruled that a state had no right to interfere with federal institutions within their border, gave more strength to the federal government and let the Bank of America to expand which helped the economy grow
Gibbon v. Ogden
New York tried to pass a law to control steamboat travel between New York and New Jersey, case went to the Supreme Court, Marshall ruled that a state can only regulate trade within its borders, this decision helped the economy by making it easier for the government to regulate trade
Interstate commerce
Trade between different states
Miguel Hidalgo
Priest of the city of Dolores, Mexico, called for freedom
Creoles
People born to Spanish parents in Latin America
Simón Bolívar
Came from Venezuela, known as the Liberator, took up the cause of Venezuelan independence as a young man, became the first president of the Republic of Great Colombia, Bolivia is named after him
José de San Martín
Led Argentina to freedom in 1816, helped the people of Peru, Ecuador, and Chile gain independence
“Black Seminoles”
African Americans who were allowed to live with the Seminole Indians, gave the Seminoles a share of their crop every year in return
John Quincy Adams
Secretary of State, worked out treaty with Spain that gave the United States Florida for $5 million
Adams-Onís Treaty
Negotiated with Spain and the United States (John Q. Adams) that gave the U.S Florida for $5 million, took effect in 1821
Monroe Doctrine
Stated that the United States wouldn’t interfere with the European colonies or nations, also said that the United States would oppose any attempt by any European nations to set up new colonies in the Americas
Intervention
Direct involvement
