Chapter 11 vocab. (all sections)

Question 1

Spinning jenny

Answer 1

A machine that could spin several threads at once, created by James Hargreaves in 1764

Question 2

Eli Whitney

Answer 2

American inventor, made interchangeable parts to speed up gun making

Question 3

Interchangeable parts

Answer 3

Every piece was the same for the same model, saved time and money, invented by Eli Whitney, idea spread rapidly, impelled small workshops to turn into factories

Question 4

Industrial Revolution

Answer 4

Long and slow way that changed the way that goods were produced, started in Britain

Question 5

Urbanization

Answer 5

The movement of populations from farms to cities

Question 6

Turnpikes

Answer 6

Made by private companies, called turnpike because at various points in the road there would be a pole (pike) blocking the way and when you paid, the wagon keeper would move the pole to let the wagon pass, made of gravel and stones

Question 7

Lancaster Turnpike

Answer 7

Considered the best road in the U.S at the time, built in the 1790s, linked Philadelphia and Lancaster, made on a bed of gravel so water rolled right off, topped with flat stones

Question 8

Corduroy roads

Answer 8

Roads in swampy areas, kept wagons from sinking into the mud, called corduroy roads because they were logs laid next to each other to make a road, made a bumpy ride

Question 9

National Road

Answer 9

Work began in 1811 and was completed in 1818, ran from Cumberland, Maryland to Wheeling, West Virginia, settlers used it to drive their wagons to the West, Congress approved the idea in 1806

Question 10

John Fitch

Answer 10

Showed the Constitutional Convention in 1787 how a steam engine could power a boat, opened a ferry service on the Delaware River, but nobody used it so he went out of business

Question 11

Robert Fulton

Answer 11

Launched the Clermont on the Hudson River in 1807, on its first run it carried passengers from New York City to Albany and back in 62 hours (a record at the time)

Question 12

Henry Shreve

Answer 12

Designed a flat-bottomed steamboat which could carry heavy loads without getting stuck on the sandbars

Question 13

Canal

Answer 13

Artificial channel filled with water that allows a boat to cross a stretch of land

Question 14

Erie Canal

Answer 14

Let western farmers ship their goods to the port of New York, DeWitt Clinton persuaded state lawmakers to fund the canal, called “Clinton’s Ditch” by critics, connected the Mohawk and Hudson Rivers with the Great Lakes, work began in 1817 and finished in 1825, instant success, cost of shipping goods dropped to around 1/20 of the price before the canal, made New York City the city that it is today, led other states to build canals

Question 15

James Monroe

Answer 15

Became the 5th president in 1816, Republican, nobody ran against him for second term in 1820, spoke of creating national unity, last of the 3 presidents to come from Virginia in a row, last Revolutionary War general to become president, made a goodwill tour of the country in 1817, started the “Era of Good Feelings”

Question 16

John C. Calhoun

Answer 16

Spoke for the South, supported the War of 1812, called “young Hercules”, opposed policies that would strengthen the federal government

Question 17

Daniel Webster

Answer 17

Spoke for the North, opposed the War of 1812, refused to vote for taxes that helped to fund the War of 1812, wanted the federal government to have a larger role in the economy

Question 18

Henry Clay

Answer 18

Spoke for the West, called “the Great Compromiser” and “Gallant Harry of the West”, was the leader of the War Hawks, favored a stronger role of the federal government in the economy

Question 19

Dumping

Answer 19

The process of selling goods in another country for cheaper than the country the goods are being sold in

Question 20

Sectionalism

Answer 20

Loyalty to one’s section or state rather than to the country or nation as a whole

Question 21

American System

Answer 21

Made by Henry Clay, never fully went into effect, called for high tariffs on imports in order to help the North, with this money that the North would be gaining, they would buy goods from the West and South, high tariffs reduced American dependence on foreign goods, called for Congress to use money from tariffs to build bridges, roads, and canals, Clay believed that a better transportation system would make it cheaper and easier for farmers in the South and West to ship their goods to cities to be sold, South opposed the American System because the South already had good rivers to ship goods on, also opposed it because it gave them no direct benefit, their opposition led to the South seceding from the Union and ultimately , the Civil War

Question 22

McCulloch v. Maryland

Answer 22

After the second Bank of America was made, Maryland tried to tax the bank to drive it out of business, James McCulloch (the bank cashier), refused to pay the tax, the case went to the Supreme Court, Marshall ruled that a state had no right to interfere with federal institutions within their border, gave more strength to the federal government and let the Bank of America to expand which helped the economy grow

Question 23

Gibbon v. Ogden

Answer 23

New York tried to pass a law to control steamboat travel between New York and New Jersey, case went to the Supreme Court, Marshall ruled that a state can only regulate trade within its borders, this decision helped the economy by making it easier for the government to regulate trade

Question 24

Interstate commerce

Answer 24

Trade between different states

Question 25

Miguel Hidalgo

Answer 25

Priest of the city of Dolores, Mexico, called for freedom

Question 26

Creoles

Answer 26

People born to Spanish parents in Latin America

Question 27

Simón Bolívar

Answer 27

Came from Venezuela, known as the Liberator, took up the cause of Venezuelan independence as a young man, became the first president of the Republic of Great Colombia, Bolivia is named after him

Question 28

José de San Martín

Answer 28

Led Argentina to freedom in 1816, helped the people of Peru, Ecuador, and Chile gain independence

Question 29

“Black Seminoles”

Answer 29

African Americans who were allowed to live with the Seminole Indians, gave the Seminoles a share of their crop every year in return

Question 30

John Quincy Adams

Answer 30

Secretary of State, worked out treaty with Spain that gave the United States Florida for $5 million

Question 31

Adams-Onís Treaty

Answer 31

Negotiated with Spain and the United States (John Q. Adams) that gave the U.S Florida for $5 million, took effect in 1821

Question 32

Monroe Doctrine

Answer 32

Stated that the United States wouldn’t interfere with the European colonies or nations, also said that the United States would oppose any attempt by any European nations to set up new colonies in the Americas

Question 33

Intervention

Answer 33

Direct involvement