Chapter 11 Part 1 Flashcards
aggression
intentional behaviour aimed at causing either physical or psychological pain
hostile aggression
an act of aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain or injury
instrumental aggression
aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain.
boys are more likely to use ___ aggression, whereas girls use ___ aggression
boys = physical aggression girls = relational aggression (gossiping, spreading ruomors, making people cry)
usual target for men’s agresion? women aggression>
men= more likely to display aggression to other men, and alcohol is usually involved
women = more likely to be directed at a romantic partner. in fact, women are more likely to be physically violent in intimate relationships than are men. (but when men do engage in intimate violence, the acts are more SEVERE)
how can situation affect testosterone levels?
aggressive, competitive, and sexual situations increases the production of testosterone.
however, although testosterone may be a factor in some cases of aggression, the effects tend to be small.
how can situation affect testosterone levels?
aggressive, competitive, and sexual situations increases the production of testosterone.
however, although testosterone may be a factor in some cases of aggression, the effects tend to be small.
what factor dictates aggression more than hormones or genetic predisposition?
situation
how does culture affect aggression?
in close knit cultures that depend on cooperation for the groups survival, anger and aggression are considered dangerous and disruptive; an offender will be ostracized or punished.
how does being part of an honour culture affect aggression?
violence is seen as more acceptable in honour cultures; cultures that define male honour in terms of power, toughness and the ability to protect one’s property (middle eastern cultures)
it has been found that both men and women from male honour cultures are more likely than people from non-honour cultures to believe that it is appropriate for a man to physically assail a woman if he believes that she is threatening his honour.
cultures of honour have higher rates of domestic violence.
how does culture of honours affect America?
states with a high culture of honour (ex/ florida, alabama) have more acts of aggression– there are more school shootings, or homicide rates for white males in the southern states of the US are substantially higher than those for white northern males)
according to the evolutionary approach to aggression, it is believed that aggression is genetically programmed into men because it enables them to perpetuate their genes. What two reasons when males are theorized to aggress?
1) males behave agggressively to establish dominance over other males and secure the highest possible status– the idea here is that the female will choose the male who is most likely t provide the best ones and the greatest protection
2) males aggress out of sexual jealousy to ensure that their mate is not having sex with another man.
how has evolutionary approach to aggression been supported through research?
in studies, men reported to respond more aggressively when the target of an insult is a closer relative (ex/ sibling) than a less closer one ( cousin)
whether aggression is expressed is determined by an animal’s previous __ _____ as well as by the specific ______ ____ in which the animal finds itself.
whether aggression is expressed is determined by an animal’s previous social experiences as well as by the specific social context in which the animal finds itself.
whether aggression is expressed is determined by an animal’s previous __ _____ as well as by the specific ______ ____ in which the animal finds itself.
whether aggression is expressed is determined by an animal’s previous social experiences (ex/ cat being raised with rat will not be as aggressive to rats) as well as by the specific social context in which the animal finds itself.
