Chapter 1: Scientific Method, the Human Body Flashcards
what is the scientific method and what are the steps
an unbiased approach to the natural world
1) observation
2) hypothesis
3) experiment
4) theory (conclude)
what is correlation
relationship between two observations
what is causation and what is important to remember
shows one event causes a second event. often involves molecular mechanisms
what is a hypothesis
proposed explanation for a set of observations
what is a theory
hypothesis that has been rigorously tested and is generally true
control group
standard of comparison
placebo
identical in appearance to actual treatment but of therapeutic value
single blind study
subjects do not know what treatment they are receiving
double blind study
neither subjects nor investigators know which treatment is being received
anatomy
study of the structure of body parts and relationships
physiology and what is important to remember
study of the functions of the body’s structural machinery. function always reflects form
gross anatomy
can be seen with the naked eye
microscopic anatomy
can only be seen with microscope
developmental anatomy
how a structure looks as it grows
regional anatomy
all the structures in one part of the body
systemic anatomy
gross anatomy of the body studied by system
surface anatomy
study of internal structures as they relate to the skin
cytology
study of cells
histology
study of tissues
embryology
study of developmental changes before birth
pathological anatomy
study of structure changes caused by disease
radiographic anatomy
study of internal structures visualized by x-ray
molecular biology
study of anatomical structures at subcellular level
necessary life funtions
things organisms must DO to survive
survival needs
things an organism must GET to survive
what are the necessary life functions?
-maintain boundaries (skin and plasma membrane)
-movement
-responsiveness
-digestion
-metabolism
-excretion
-reproduction
-growth
what are the survival needs?
-nutrient
-oxygen
-water
-maintain normal body temp
-atmospheric pressure
homeostasis
ability to maintain relatively stable
what is a negative feedback loop and what are the steps?
when you must do the opposite to shut off stimulus.
receptor, control center, effector
what is a positive feedback loop
self amplifying cycle, change leads to even greater change in some direction, builds to climax
anatomical position
body erect, feet slightly apart, palms forward, thumbs pointing out
prone
on front
supine
on back
section
actual cut or slice that exposes internal anatomy
plane
imaginary flat surface that passes through body
coronal plane
vertical place dividing anterior and posterior
transversal plane
cross section. horizontal plane diving into superior and inferior
midsagittal plane
vertical plane dicing body into equal left and right parts
sagittal plane
divides body into left and right unequal halves
oblique plane
passes through body at an angle
posterior vs anterior
posterior is the back, behind
anterior is the front, in front of
superior (whats the other word)
cephalic, on top of
inferior (whats the other word)
caudal, beneath
medial
toward the middle
lateral
away from the middle
proximal
on appendage toward trunk
distal
on appendage away from trunk
what is the dorsal cavity and what is it divided into
protects the nervous system. divided into cranial (in the skull encases the brain) and vertebral (vertical column, houses spine)
what is the ventral cavity
houses internal organs and viscera, divided into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
what is the thoracic cavity
above the diaphragm. pleural houses the lungs, mediastinum surrounds remaining thoracic organs and contains pericardial cavity
what is the abdominopelvic cavity
below diaphragm. abdominal contains stomach, liver, spleen etc, pelvic contains bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
