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chapter 1 Flashcards

quiz

1
Q

what is development?

A

the pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span.

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2
Q

What does development involve?

A

growth and decline brought on by aging and dying

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3
Q

what changes throughout recorded history?

A

Life expectancy changes rather than life span throughout history.

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4
Q

How does the lifespan perspective view development?

Who struggles more throughout their lifespan?

A

a process that involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss

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5
Q

what are researchers hoping to achieve by studying human life span?

A

improving brain functioning in older people, slowing or even reversing the effects of various chronic diseases.

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6
Q

What is the lifespan perspective constructed through ?

A

biological, sociocultural, and individual factors working together

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7
Q

What does lifespan perspective involve?

A

It involves growth, maintenance, and regulation

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8
Q

What does life-span perspective view development as ?

(think of a process throughout life, what happens to the individidual?

A
  • (3 M’s ; multidimensional, multidirectional, multidisciplinary)
  • lifelong
  • plastic
  • contextual
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9
Q

What is the lifespan perspective ?

What are the main ideas of life ?

A

biological, sociocultural, and individual factors that work together.

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10
Q

How is development lifelong?

A

Change in development is a process from conception to death

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11
Q

what are the development processes?

A

biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes.

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12
Q

What is developmental social neuroscience?

A

examining connections between socioemotional processes, development, and the brain

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13
Q

What is developmental cognitive neuroscience?

A

exploring links between development, cognitive processes, and the brain

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14
Q

What is cognitive dimension?

What of a person is cognitive?

A

include e.g. attention, memory, abstract thinking, speed of processing information, and social intelligence.

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15
Q

how is development multidirectional?

A

because some dimensions shrink and others expand.

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16
Q

How is development plastic?

A

the capacity for change.

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17
Q

How is developmental science multidisciplinary?

Multidisciplinary = several academic approaches

A

Multiple approaches to a problem hence multi and disciplinary which refer to a broad idea.

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18
Q

How is development contextual?

A

All development occurs within a context/setting.
E.g. families, schools, peer groups, friends.

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19
Q

What type of influence does context in contextual development release?

Context in contextual delopment

A

Normative age-graded influences, normative history-graded influences, and non normative or highly individualized life events.

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20
Q

What is normative age-graded influences?
(norm age = norma age groups)

A

Normative age-graded influences are common and normal influences in age groups. E.g. Most retiring around 50s-60s, as well as beginning school usually at 6 y/o.
(biological and environmental influence)

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21
Q

What is normative history-graded influences? (norma history = normal history)

A

Normative history-graded influence are common experiences of a particular generation that experience history.
e.g. an American generation experiencing the death of RF Kennedy.
(biological and environmental influence)

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22
Q

What is non normative life events? (non-normal = not normal)

A

Nonnormative life events are unusual occurrences that have a major impact on someone’s life.
Note: Doesn’t happen to everyone but to those who did it can influence them differently.

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23
Q

What are three goals of human development according to Baltes?

A

Growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss.

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24
Q

What are the co-constructions of development according to the life-span perspective?

Key word is constructions

A

biological, sociocultural, and individual factors.

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25
Q

what is nonnormative life events?

A

Nonnormative life events are unusual occurrences that have a major impact on a persons life.

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26
Q

Health, parental, and education are all….

A

shaped by their sociocultural context.

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27
Q

What type of sociocultural context concepts is being referred to?

A

Four concepts; culture, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and gender.

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28
Q

What is culture?

A

Culture are beliefs, behavior patterns, and products that are passed down generations according to their group.
(Interacting with people over many years)

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29
Q

What is cross-cultural studies?

A

Cross-cultural studies are 2+ aspects being compared.
Provides comparisons which is information.

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30
Q

What is ethnicity?

A

Ethnicity are a range of characteristics that come from cultural heritage, that includes nationality, race, religion, and language.

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31
Q

What is socioeconomic status (SES)?

A

Socioeconomic status (SES) is the the position of an individual in society based off occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.
( results in inequalities)

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32
Q

What is gender?

A

Gender is the characteristics of people as female and males.

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33
Q

What is social policy?

A

The governments course of action designed to promote the wellfare of its citizens.

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34
Q

What does the nations social policy consist of?

A

Values, economics, and politics.

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35
Q

According to a study about poor families with lots of kids, what did it show?

A

Families with more children were more likely to experience family turmoil, separation from a parent, violence, crowding, excessive noise, and poor housing.

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36
Q

what is biological processes?

A

Biological processes produce change in an individuals physical nature.
e.g. genes

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37
Q

What is cognitive processes?

A

changes in an individuals thinking, intelligence, and language.

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38
Q

What is socioemotional processes?

A

Socioemotional processes refers to changes in the individual’s; relationships w/ others, change in emotions, and change in personality.
e.g. infant reaction to parent touch.

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39
Q

Are biological, cognitive, and socioemtoional processes able to intertwine?

A

Yes they are. They can also be bidrectional (influencing only 2/3 at a time)

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40
Q

What is a developmental period

A

A timeframe in a persons life characterized by certain features.

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41
Q

What is the prenatal period?

A

From conception to birth. (from cell to an organism during the nine months in belly)

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42
Q

What is the infancy period?

A

The infancy period is from birth to 18 or 24 months when the kids are extremely dependent on the adults.

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43
Q

What is early childhood?

A

Early childhood is the period from the end of infancy to age 5 or 6. “preschool years”

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44
Q

What is middle and late childhood?

A

Period from about 6 to 11 years of age. Elementary school years.

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45
Q

What is the adolescence period?

A

Transition from childhood to early adulthood, 10 to 12 years of age until 18 to 22 years of age. Puberty.

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46
Q

What is emerging adulthood?

A

Ages 18 to 25. Exploration.

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47
Q

What is early adulthood?

A

Early adulthood begins in late teens or early twenties and lasts through the thirties.

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48
Q

What is middle adulthood?

A

Developmental period from approximately 40 years of age to about 60.

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49
Q

What is late adulthood?

A

Development period that begins in the sixties or seventies and lasts until death.

50
Q

What is biological age?

A

Biological age is the capacity of a person’s vital organs body. The younger the biological age body function the longer expect for them to live.

51
Q

What are the four types of age?

A

The four types of age are chronocial age, biological age, psychological age, and social age.

52
Q

What is psychological age?

A

Psychological age is the individuals capability to adapt capacities compared with individuals of the same chronological age.

53
Q

What is social age?

A

Social age is being able to connect with others and the social roles individuals adopt.
Better social life tend to live longer

54
Q

What is normal aging?

A

Most individuals who their psychological function often peaks in early middle age, stable and then declines later on.

55
Q

What is pathological aging?

A

When individuals greater than average decline as they age through adult years. Old age there is little cognitive (thinking) abilities.

56
Q

What is successful aging?

A

Successful aging refers to positive physical, cognitive and socioemotional development is maintained longer and declining later in old age than most people.

57
Q

How do psychoanalytic theories describe development?

A

As primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion

58
Q

Do psychoanalytic theories consider parents?

A

Early experiences with parents extensively shape development

59
Q

What are the lowest levels of life satisfaction (in US)?

A

Middle age, especially from 45 to 54 years of age.

60
Q

What is the nature-nurture issue?

A

whether development is
primarily influenced by nature or nurture. nature as an organisms biological inheritance and nurture as its environmental experiences.

61
Q

What is the stability-change issue?

A

The stability-change issue refers to which early traits and characteristics persist or change over time.

62
Q

What is the continuity-discontinuity issue?

A

The continuity-discontinuity issue focuses on the degree to which development involves either gradual cumulative change (continuity) process, or distinct stages (discontinuity) sudden.

63
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

4 step approach;
- conceptualize a process or problem
- collect data
- analyze the data
- draw conclusions

64
Q

What is a theory?

A

A theory are ideas that help explain and to make predictions.

65
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis is assertions or predictions, often derived from theories that can be tested.

66
Q

What are the five theoretical orientations to development?

A

psychoanalytic,
cognitive,
behavioral and social cognitive, ethological,
ecological.

67
Q

What is psychoanalytic theories?

A

when development depends primarily on the unconscious mind and is heavily couched in emotion. “deep inner workings of the mind”
(psycho= crazy mind)

68
Q

What is Freud’s theory?

A

adult personality is determined by how conflicts at each stage (5) between sources of pleasure and the demands of reality are resolved

69
Q

What is Freuds fourth stage of his psychosexual development theory?

A

Latency (6 - puberty)
- child represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills

70
Q

How do pyschoanalytic theories think of behavior?

A

As a surface characteristic and the symbolic workings of the mind have to be analyzed to understand behavior

71
Q

What is Freuds fifth stage of his psychosexual development theory?

A

Genital stage ( puberty onward)
- a time of sexual reawakening; source of sexual pleasure becomes someone outside the family

72
Q

What is Freuds first stage of his psychosexual development theory?

A

Oral (birth - 1 1/2 y/o)
- infants pleasure is on the mouth

73
Q

What is Freuds third stage of his psychosexual development theory?

A

Phallic ( 3 - 6)
- childs pleasure focuses on the genitals

74
Q

What is Erikson’s psychoanalytic theory?

A

that eight stages of development unfold throughout life span. Each stage a unique developmental task confronts individuals with a crisis that must be solved.
PsychoSOCIAL theory

75
Q

What is erikson’s psychosocial theory for human behavior?

A
  • motivation for behavior is social in nature
  • personality and developmental change occurs throughout lifespan
  • both early and late experiences are important
76
Q

What is Eriksons first psychoanalytical theory?

A

Trust vs mistrust = experienced in the first year of life. trust during infancy sets the stage for a lifelong expectation

77
Q

What is Eriksons second stage of his psychoanalytic theory?

A
  • Autonomy vs shame and doubt = experienced in late infancy and toddlerhood (1 to 3 years) start to assert a sense of independence or autonomy.
78
Q

What is Erikson’s third state of psychoanalytical human development theory?

A
  • Initiative vs guilt = experienced during preschool years. initiative for challenges + guilt
79
Q

What is Erikson’s fourth state of psychoanalytical human development theory?

A
  • Industry vs inferiority = approximately experienced in elementary school years. Master knowledge is industry and inferiority feeling incompetent and unproductive
80
Q

What is eriksons fifth state of psychoanalytical human development theory?

A
  • Identity vs identity confusion = experienced in adolescent years by exploring who they are if not then confusion arrises
81
Q

What is eriksons sixth state of psychoanalytical human development theory?

A
  • Intimacy vs isolation = Experience in early adulthood by forming intimate relationships or isolation occurs
82
Q

What is eriksons seventh state of psychoanalytical human development theory?

A
  • Generativity vs stagnation = experience in generatively - by wanting to help younger generation
    stagnation - feeling of having done nothing to help the next generation
    (middle adulthood)
83
Q

what is eriksons eighth state in his psychoanalytical human development theory?

A
  • Integrity versus despair = person reflects on the past.
    integrity -life well spent
    despair - yield doubt or gloom
    (60s onward)
84
Q

What are cognitive theories?

A

Cognitive theories are theories that emphasize conscious thoughts rather than psychoanalytical theories.

85
Q

What are the three important cognitive theories?

A

The three cognitive theories of development are Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory, Vygotsky’s sociocultural cognitive theory, and information processing theory.
complex thinking skills

86
Q

What is Piagets theory?

A

Piaget’s theory is that children construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development; organization and adaption

87
Q

What is Piagets first stage in her cognitive development theory?

A
  • the sensorimotor stage = lasts from birth to about 2 years of age. Infants use sense to construct an understanding of the world
88
Q

what is Piagets second stage of her cognitive development theory?

A
  • the pre operational stage = approximately 2 to 7 years of age. Able to construct in the mind after only having been able to do it physically
89
Q

what is Piagets third stage in her cognitive development theory?

A
  • The concrete operational stage = lasts approximately 7 to 11 years of age. can perform operations that involve objects + reason logically of basic and limited examples
90
Q

what is Piagets fourth stage in her social cognitive theory?

A
  • the formal operational stage = between ages of 11 and 15 continues to adulthood, formation of ideal circumstances, abstract and logical ways
91
Q

What is Vygotsky’s sociocultural cognitive theory?

A

His theory is emphasizing how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development.
“child’s development as inseparable from social and cultural activities”

92
Q

What are cognitive theories evaluated on ?

A
  • emphasis on
    • positive view of development
      = emphasis on the active construction of understanding
93
Q

What are the criticisms about cognitive theories?

A
  • skepticism about the pureness of Piagets stages
  • little attention to individual variations
94
Q

What is the stage of Vygotsky’s sociocultural cognitive theory?

A
  • Information-processing = emphasizing that individuals process information, monitor it, and strategize about it.
95
Q

What are behavioral and social cognitive theories?

A

Emphasis on
- Scientific research and environmental as determinants of behavior

96
Q

What is Skinners operant conditioning?

A

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.

97
Q

What is Banduras social cognitive theory?

A

behavior,
environment,
cognition

98
Q

What is ethology & ethological theory?

A

Ethology is the study of the behavior of animals in their natural habitat. Ethological theory is that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods.

99
Q

What is Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory?

A

focuses on five environmental systems: microsystem, mesosystem, ecosystem, macro system and chronosystem.

100
Q

What is ecological theory?

A

Ecological theory emphasizes environmental factors.

101
Q

What is a microsystem in Bronfenbrenners ecological theory?

A

The setting in which the individual lives
e.g. person’s family, peers, school, neighborhood

102
Q

What is a mesosystem in Bronfenbrenners ecological theory?

A

relations between Microsystems or connections between content.
e.g. school, church, family, experiences

103
Q

What is a exosystem in Bronfenbrenners ecological theory?

A

Link between a social setting where the individual does not have an active role and the individuals immediate context.
e.g. absent working mother rises problems b/c of the promotion

104
Q

What is macrosystem in Bronfenbrenners ecological theory?

A

The culture in which the individual lives in

105
Q

What is chronosystem in Bronfenbrenners ecological theory?

A

Consists of the patterning of environment events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances.
e.g. divorce is transition

106
Q

What is a electric theoretical orientation?

A

Does not follow one theory but instead presents the best features of each theory.

107
Q

What are methods of collecting data?

A
  • Observation = systematic (whom, when, where, how observe, how recorded)
  • Survey and interview = interview (not may be very accurate lying)
    -Standardized tests = a test that is has uniform procedures for administration and scoring (test + not reliable due to human adaptation)
  • Case study = in-depth look at a single individual
  • Psychological measures = psychological measures when studying developments at different points in the life span e.g. MRI
108
Q

What is naturalistic observation?

A

Naturalistic observation means when observing behavior in real life world settings and making no effort to manipulate/control the situation.

109
Q

What are research designs to study life-span development?

A

descriptive, correlational, and experimental are the three main types of research designs

110
Q

What is descriptive research?

A

Descriptive research observes and records behavior.

111
Q

What is correlational research?

A

Correlational research focuses on describing strength of the relation between two or more events or characteristics. (two+ events the more correlated, more effective prediction of one event from the other)

112
Q

What is correlation coefficient?

A

based on statistical analysis that is used to describe the degree of association between two variables.
correlation does not equal causation

113
Q

What is experimental research?

A

An experiment is a carefully regulated procedure with one+ factors believed to influence the behavior under study changes when a factor is manipulated while all other factors are held constant. (cause and effect; cause is factor that was manipulated, effect id behavior that changed because of manipulation)

114
Q

What are independent and dependent variables?

A

An independent variable is manipulated, influential experimental factor. potential cause.
A dependent variable can change in an experiment in response to changes in the independent variable . measure the dependent variable for any resulting effect.

115
Q

What is an experimental group?

A

A group whose experience is manipulated

116
Q

What is a control group?

A

A group is a comparison group that is like + treated like the experimental group as possible except manipulated (independent)

117
Q

What is a time span of research?

A

Concern with the relation between age and some other variable

118
Q

What is cross-sectional approach?

A

A research strategy in which individuals of different ages are compared at one time.(results can change over time)

119
Q

What is a longitudinal approach?

A

A research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more.
(extensive and time consuming)

120
Q

what are psychoanalytic theories criticized?

A
  • lack of scientific support
  • too much emphasis on sexual underpinnings
  • image of people that is too negative
121
Q

what are psychoanalytic theories evaluated about?

A
  • with an emphasis on developmental framework
  • family relationships
  • unconscious aspects of the mind

nurs (13 decks)

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