Chap. 9 (Vocab) Flashcards
Fermentation
Cells generate energy (ATP) by breaking down glucose molecules without presence of oxygen
Aerobic Pathway
Cells generate energy (ATP) by breaking down glucose molecules in the presence of oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts
Anaerobic Pathway
- Produces ATP without oxygen
- Generate energy for short-term, intense activity
Cellular Respiration
Glucose interacts with oxygen and becomes energy (ATP) and releases carbon dioxide and water as byproducts
- Includes anaerobic and aerobic respiration
Redox Reaction
Chemical reaction containing transfer of electrons between reactants
Oxidation
Substance loses electrons, or is oxidized
Reduction
Substance gains electrons, or is reduced (amount of positive charge is reduced)
Reducing Agent
Molecule that donates electrons to another molecule
Oxidizing Agent
Molecule that gains electrons from another molecule
NADH
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide + Hydrogen
- Coenzyme that carries electrons, transferring electrons during redox reactions within the cell
Electron Transport Chain
Protein complexes and molecules that transfer electrons from donors to acceptors, releasing energy in the process
Glycolysis
Extract energy from glucose by breaking it down into 2 molecules of pyruvate (molecule produced)
Citric Acid Cycle
Generation of energy through aerobic respiration
- Completes glucose breakdown
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Energy from the oxidation makes ATP
- In mitochondria
Substrate-level Phosphorylation
Production of ATP from ADP by a direct transfer of a high-energy phosphate group from a phosphorylated intermediate metabolic compound in an exergonic catabolic pathway
Acetyl CoA
Provides the acetyl group for energy synthesis in the Krebs cycle
Cytochrome
- Protein that function as an electron carrier within the cell
ATP Synthase
Enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ATP from ADP
+ Pi
Chemiosmosis
Movement of Hydrogen ions across a semipermeable membrane down electrochemical gradient
Proton-motive Force
Energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient that promotes movement of protons across membranes downhill the electrochemical potential.
Alcohol Fermentation
Anaerobic process where sugar is broken down into ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide by yeast
Latic Acid Fermentation
Anaerobic process where glucose is converted into ATP and lactic acid
Obligate Anaerobes
Organisms that can grow and survive only in the absence of oxygen
Facultative Anaerobes
Organisms that can survive and grow both in the presence and absence of oxygen
Beta Oxidation
- Process where fatty acid molecules are broken down into acetyl-CoA units, generating energy in the form of NADH and FADH2
- Occurs in mitochondria of eukaryotic cells
