Chap. 9 (Vocab)

Question 1

Fermentation

Answer 1

Cells generate energy (ATP) by breaking down glucose molecules without presence of oxygen

Question 2

Aerobic Pathway

Answer 2

Cells generate energy (ATP) by breaking down glucose molecules in the presence of oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts

Question 3

Anaerobic Pathway

Answer 3

1. Produces ATP without oxygen
2. Generate energy for short-term, intense activity

Question 4

Cellular Respiration

Answer 4

Glucose interacts with oxygen and becomes energy (ATP) and releases carbon dioxide and water as byproducts
- Includes anaerobic and aerobic respiration

Question 5

Redox Reaction

Answer 5

Chemical reaction containing transfer of electrons between reactants

Question 6

Oxidation

Answer 6

Substance loses electrons, or is oxidized

Question 7

Reduction

Answer 7

Substance gains electrons, or is reduced (amount of positive charge is reduced)

Question 8

Reducing Agent

Answer 8

Molecule that donates electrons to another molecule

Question 9

Oxidizing Agent

Answer 9

Molecule that gains electrons from another molecule

Question 10

NADH

Answer 10

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide + Hydrogen
- Coenzyme that carries electrons, transferring electrons during redox reactions within the cell

Question 11

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 11

Protein complexes and molecules that transfer electrons from donors to acceptors, releasing energy in the process

Question 12

Glycolysis

Answer 12

Extract energy from glucose by breaking it down into 2 molecules of pyruvate (molecule produced)

Question 13

Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 13

Generation of energy through aerobic respiration
- Completes glucose breakdown

Question 14

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 14

Energy from the oxidation makes ATP
- In mitochondria

Question 15

Substrate-level Phosphorylation

Answer 15

Production of ATP from ADP by a direct transfer of a high-energy phosphate group from a phosphorylated intermediate metabolic compound in an exergonic catabolic pathway

Question 16

Acetyl CoA

Answer 16

Provides the acetyl group for energy synthesis in the Krebs cycle

Question 17

Cytochrome

Answer 17

1. Protein that function as an electron carrier within the cell

Question 18

ATP Synthase

Answer 18

Enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ATP from ADP
+ Pi

Question 19

Chemiosmosis

Answer 19

Movement of Hydrogen ions across a semipermeable membrane down electrochemical gradient

Question 20

Proton-motive Force

Answer 20

Energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient that promotes movement of protons across membranes downhill the electrochemical potential.

Question 21

Alcohol Fermentation

Answer 21

Anaerobic process where sugar is broken down into ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide by yeast

Question 22

Latic Acid Fermentation

Answer 22

Anaerobic process where glucose is converted into ATP and lactic acid

Question 23

Obligate Anaerobes

Answer 23

Organisms that can grow and survive only in the absence of oxygen

Question 24

Facultative Anaerobes

Answer 24

Organisms that can survive and grow both in the presence and absence of oxygen

Question 25

Beta Oxidation

Answer 25

1. Process where fatty acid molecules are broken down into acetyl-CoA units, generating energy in the form of NADH and FADH2
2. Occurs in mitochondria of eukaryotic cells