Chap. 12 (Vocab.) Flashcards
Cell Division
Reproduction of Cells
Cell Cycle
Events in a cell as it grows and divides
Genome
Complete set of DNA in an organism
Chromosomes
Carries genes made of DNA
Chromatin
DNA + proteins that make chromosomes
Somatic Cells
All body cells that contain 46 chromosomes
Gamete Cells (Reproductive)
Egg and sperm that have 23 chromosomes each
Sister Chromatids
(X) Copies of original chromosome with identical DNA
Centromere
Region in chromosome where sister chromatids are attached to each other
Mitosis
Cell division resulting in 2 identical daughter cells
Meiosis
Cell division in reproductive cells results in 4 daughter cells with half of the chromosomes
Cytokinesis
Division of cytoplasm
Interphase
Cell grows, replicates its chromosomes, and prepares for cell division
G-1 Phase
Cell grows + makes organelles
Synthesis Phase
Cell copies its DNA
G-2
Cell prepares to divide
Prophase
Chromatin condenses into visible chromosome
Prometaphase
Nuclear membrane breaks apart into many membrane vesicles
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in middle of cell
Anaphase
Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite sides of cell
Telophase
New nuclear envelopes form around 2 chromosomes + cell begins to divide into daughter cells
Miotic Phase
Phase of cell cycle that includes miosis and cytokinesis
Mitotic Spindle
Structure responsible for separating replicated chromosomes into two distinct daughter cells by pulling them apart towards opposite poles of the cell during cell division
- Formed in cytoplasm duting prophase
Centrosome
- Cellular structure involved in cell division
- It duplicates and 2 centrosomes move to different ends of cell
- Contains pair of centriole
- Animal cells
Kinetochore
Structure of proteins attached to centromere that links sister chromatid to miotic spindle
Metaphase Plate
Imaginary line where chromosomes line up in metaphase
Cleavage
Cell division that occurs after fertilization
Cleavage Furrow
Indentation that forms on the surface of an animal cell during cytokinesis (cell division)
Cell Plate
Structure that forms in the middle of a dividing plant cell, acting as the foundation for the new cell wall that will separate the two daughter cells during cytokinesis
Binary Fission
Asexual reproduction where a cell splits into two identical daughter cells (prokaryotic cells)
Origin of Replication
SIte where replication of DNA begins
Cell Cycle Control System
Protein network that regulates phases of cell cycle
Checkpoint
Control point in cell cycle where stop and go regulate cycle
Cyclin
Protein that regulates cell cycle
Cyclin-dependent Kinase
Protein kinase active only when attached to specific cyclin
MPF
Protein regulator to transition a cell from the G2 phase into mitosis by phosphorylating various proteins necessary for cell division
G0 Phase
Resting state where a cell is not actively dividing or preparing to divide
Growth Factor
Protein released by certain cells that stimulates other cells to divide
Density-dependent Inhibition
Crowded cells stop dividing
Anchorage Dependence
Cell must be attached to substrate to initiate cell division
Transformation
Significant change in a cell’s properties by uptaking new DNA
Benign Tumor
Stay in their primary location without invading other sites of the body
Malignant Tumor
Cancerous mass of tissue that grows and spreads uncontrollably
Metastasis
Spread of cancer cells distant from original site
Kinase
Enzyme that catalyzes transfer of phosphate group from ATP to a substrate
