Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology I > Chap. 6 (Vcab.) > Flashcards

Chap. 6 (Vcab.) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Light Microscope (LM)

A

Visible light passes through specimen then through lenses, which refract light in a way that specimen is magnefied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Magnification

A

Ratio of an objects image size to its real size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Resolution

A

Measure of clarity of image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Contrast

A

Difference in brightness between light + dark areas of an image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Brightfield

A

Light passes directly through the specimen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Phase-contrast

A

Uses light to make unstained, transparent, and colorless specimens visible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Differential interference contrast (Nomarski)

A

Used to exaggerate differences in density; the image appears almost 3-D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Fluorescence

A

Uses a special microscope to view objects that emit fluorescent light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Confocal

A

Laser creates a single plane of fluorescence; out-of-focus light from other planes is eliminated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Standard Fluorescence

A

Micrograph is blurry because out-of-focus light is not excluded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Deconvolution

A

Computer improves quality of images from microscope by increasing resolution + contrast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Super-resolution

A

Fluorescence microscopy technique that images cellular structures in more detail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

A
  1. Micro. that uses electron beam to scan surface of sample, coated with metal atoms
  2. Study detail of cell surfaces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

A
  1. Passes electron beam through thin sections stained with metal atoms
  2. Used to study internal structure of cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Organelle

A

Membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Electron Microscope (EM)

A
  1. Micro. that uses magnets to focus an electron beam on/through specimen
  2. 100-fold greater than light micro.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cell Fractionation

A

Technique used to separate different components of a cell from each other by disrupting the cell + centrifugating mixture at diff. speeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Differential Centrifugation

A

Centrifugate spins test tubes with mixtures of disrupted cells at increasing speeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pellet

A

Force from centrifugation causes cell components to settle at the bottom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Barrier that separates cells interior from exterior environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cystosol

A

Semifluid, jellylike substance, portion of cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Chromosomes

A

Carry genes in form of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ribosomes

A

Make proteins according to instructions of genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Nucleoid

A
  1. Non-membrane enclosed region where DNA (chromosomes) is located
  2. Prokaryote
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Cytoplasma

A
  1. Gel-like substance that fills inside of cell, where most of cells reactions occur
  2. In E cells, is region between plasma membrane and nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Membrane outside of cell that is selective, regulating the cell’s chemical composition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic material in form of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

Double membrane that surrounds nucleus, separating contents from cytoplasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Nuclear Lamina/ Intermidiate filaments

A

Protein filaments that line inner surface on nuclear envelope, maintain shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Pore Complex

A

Protein structure that lines pores + regulates entry and exit of protein + RNAs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Chromosome

A

Carries genes made of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Chromatin

A

Complex of DNA + proteins inside chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Nucleolus

A

Structure in nucleus containing rRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Endomembrane System

A

Collection of membranes inside + surrounding eukaryotic cell

35
Q

Vesicles

A

Membrane-bound sac thats transports substances within cell

36
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

1 Membrane network of tubules + sacs
2. Separates ER from cystol
3. Main function is to synthesize proteins

37
Q

Smooth ER

A

Portion of ER free of ribosomes

38
Q

Rough ER

A

Portion of ER with ribosomes

39
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates

40
Q

Transport vesicles

A

Membranous sac that carries molecules made by cell

41
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Cell organelle that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules

42
Q

Lysosome

A

Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that cells use to digest (hydrolyze) macromolecules

43
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cellular process where cell destroys bacteria/ others by surrouding with cell membrane + briing in to break down

44
Q

Vacuoles

A

Large vesicles from the ER and Golgi apparatus

45
Q

Food Vacuole

A

Ingesting food particles through phagocytosis, then breaking them down and digesting them using enzymes

46
Q

Contractile Vacuole

A

Membranous sac that helps move excess water out of certain freshwater protists

47
Q

Central Vacuole

A

In mature plant cell, large membranous sac with diverse roles in growth, storage, and sequestration of toxic substances

48
Q

Mitochondria

A

sites of cellular respiration that uses oxygen to make ATP by taking energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels

49
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Found in plants + algae, site for photosynthesis

50
Q

Endosymbiont Theory

A

Theory that mitochondria and plastids in eukaryotic cells were once free-living prokaryotes that became organelles through a process called symbiosis

51
Q

Mitochondrial Matrix

A

Innermost compartment of a mitochondrion, located within the inner membrane

52
Q

Thylakoid

A

Flat, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Convert light energy into chemical energy

53
Q

Granum

A

Stack that makes up thylakoids

54
Q

Stroma

A

Fluid outside thylakoid containing ribosomes + DNA

55
Q

Plastids

A

Small organelles that contain pigment or food in cytoplasma

56
Q

Peroxisome

A

Organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various substances, making hydrogen peroxide

57
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  1. Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm
  2. Mechanical, transport, + signaling functions
58
Q

Microtubules

A

Microscopic tubular structure in the cytoplasm of cells

59
Q

Centrosome

A
  1. Cellular structure involved in cell division
  2. It duplicates and 2 centrosomes move to different ends of cell
  3. Contains pair of centriole
  4. Animal cells
60
Q

Centriole

A
  1. Separates chromosomes during mitosis
  2. Animal cell
60
Q

Motor Proteins

A
  1. Protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements
  2. Produces movement of cell
60
Q

Flagella

A

Hair-like structure (microtubules) that helps cells move

61
Q

Cilia

A

Hair-like projections (microtubules) that move particles/ fluids across cell surface

62
Q

Dyneins

A
  1. Molecular motor that uses ATP to generate force + move along microtubules
  2. Bend flagella + cilia
63
Q

Micofilaments

A

Protein filaments part of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells

64
Q

Actin

A

Molecules that build microfilaments

65
Q

Cortex

A
  1. Gel-like outer region of Cykel.
  2. In E. cells is under plasma membrane
66
Q

Myosin

A
  1. Protein that acts as motor in cells
  2. Convert chemical energy into ATP, generating movement
67
Q

Pseudopodia

A

Arm-like projection that extends from cytoplasm of cell

68
Q

Cytoplasmic Streaming

A

Interaction with myosin that speeds distribution of materials in cell

69
Q

Intermediate Filament

A

Size is median, between microtunules and microfilaments

70
Q

Cell wall

A

Barrier outside cell membrane that provides support + shape

71
Q

Primary Cell Wall

A

Thin layer surrounding plasma membrane

72
Q

Middle Lamella

A

Thin adhesive layer between primary cell wall + other walls (only in plant cells)

73
Q

Secondary Cell Wall

A

Rigid layer between plasma membrane and primary cell wall

74
Q

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A

Large network of proteins and other molecules that surround, support, and give structure to cells and tissues in the body

75
Q

Collagen

A

Glycoprotein in ECM that forms fibers

76
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Protein that provides support to ECM

77
Q

Fibronectin

A

Glycoprotein that forms cell adhesion, wound healing, and tissue engineering

78
Q

Integrins

A

Protein that helps cells attach to other cells in EM

79
Q

Plasmpdesmata

A

Small channels that directly connect the cytoplasm of neighboring plant cells to each other, establishing living bridges between cells

80
Q

Tight Junction

A

Junction between animal cells that prevents leakage through space between cells

81
Q

Gap Junction

A

Junction in animal cells, consisting of proteins surrounding a pore that allows passage of materials between cells

82
Q

Desmosome

A

Junction in animal cells that fastens cells together (adhesive)

Biology I (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions