Chap. 8 (Vocab)

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

Reactions that occur in cells that provide the body with energy

Question 2

Metabolic Pathway

Answer 2

1. Chemical reactions in cell that convert molecules into products
2. Each step is catalyzed by specific enzyme

Question 3

Catabolic Pathway

Answer 3

Breaks down large molecules into smaller subunits, releasing energy

Question 4

Anabolic Pathway

Answer 4

Uses energy to build up larger molecules from smaller subunits (biosynthetic pathway)

Question 5

Bioenergetics

Answer 5

Study of how energy flows through living organisms

Question 6

Energy

Answer 6

Capacity to cause change

Question 7

Chemical Energy

Answer 7

Potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

Question 8

Thermodynamics

Answer 8

Study of energy transformation

Question 9

Open System

Answer 9

Can exchange both matter and energy with its surroundings

Question 10

Isolated System

Answer 10

Cannot exchange matter or energy with its surroundings

Question 11

Entropy

Answer 11

Measure of randomness or disorder in a system

Question 12

Spontaneous Process

Answer 12

1. Occurs naturally without the need for any external energy input; it happens on its own under given conditions
2. Increases entropy of universe

Question 13

Free Energy

Answer 13

Amount of energy available within a system that can be used to perform work

Question 14

Exergonic Reaction

Answer 14

1. Chemical reaction that releases free energy
2. Occurs spontaneously and has a negative change in Gibbs free energy
3. Product has less energy than reactants

Question 15

Endergonic Reaction

Answer 15

1. Absorbs energy from its surroundings, resulting in a positive change in free energy
2. Product has more energy than reactant

Question 16

Energy Coupling

Answer 16

Use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction

Question 17

Phosphorylated Intermediate

Answer 17

A molecule that gained a phosphate group during a biochemical reaction

Question 18

Activation Energy

Answer 18

Initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Question 19

Transition State

Answer 19

Unstable condition that reactants are in due to molecules absorbing energy to break bonds

Question 20

Catalysis

Answer 20

Acceleration of a chemical reaction by a catalyst, by lowering Ea barrier

Question 21

Substrate

Answer 21

Reactant on which an enzyme works

Question 22

Enzyme-substrate Complex

Answer 22

Complex when enzyme binds to its substrate molecue

Question 23

Active Site

Answer 23

Region on enzyme where substrate binds

Question 24

Induced Fit

Answer 24

Enzymes bind to substrates and change shape to enhance ability to catalyze reaction

Question 25

Cofactor

Answer 25

Non-protein chemical compound required for an enzyme’s role as a catalyst

Question 26

Coenzyme

Answer 26

Organic molecule that helps enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions

Question 27

Competitive Inhibitors

Answer 27

Bind to active site of enzyme, competing with substrate, reducing the enzyme’s activity

Question 28

Noncompetitive Inhibitors

Answer 28

Bind to an enzyme at a site other than the active site, reducing the enzyme’s activity

Question 29

Allosteric Regulation

Answer 29

Molecule binds to protein at one site and affects protein function at another site

Question 30

Cooperativity

Answer 30

How binding of a ligand at one site on a macromolecule affects the binding of a ligand at another site on the same macromolecule

Question 31

Ligand

Answer 31

Molecule that binds to another specific molecule, called a receptor, to initiate a cellular response by delivering a signal between cell

Question 32

Feedback Inhibition

Answer 32

Regulates the activity of enzymes in a biochemical pathway

Question 33

Potential Energy

Answer 33

Energy stored with potential to be released- due to location/structure

Question 34

Kinetic Energy

Answer 34

Energy in motion and being used for movement

Question 35

Thermal Energy

Answer 35

1. Energy contained within a system due to the movement of its molecules
2. Measure of kinetic energy

Question 36

Heat

Answer 36

Thermal energy in transfer between objects

Question 37

Closed System

Answer 37

Exchange of energy is allowed but not exchange of matter

Question 38

Enzyme

Answer 38

Protein that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy (catalytic protein)

Question 39

Catalyst

Answer 39

Chemical agent that increases rate of reaction w/o being consumed by reaction

Question 40

Ea barrier

Answer 40

Total energy required to push and accelerate the reaction

Question 41

Inhibitor

Answer 41

Substance that reduces or prevents an enzyme from working properly