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Medical Terminology 101 > Ch.9 Urinary System > Flashcards

Ch.9 Urinary System Flashcards

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1
Q

nephr/o ren/o

A

Kidneys

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2
Q

pyel/o

A

renal pelvis

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3
Q

ur/o urin/o

A

urine

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4
Q

ureter/o

A

Ureters

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5
Q

cyst/o

A

Urinary Bladder

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6
Q

urethr/o

A

Urethra

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7
Q

prostat/o

A

Prostate

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8
Q

Hyrd/o

A

water/fluid

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9
Q

Hidr/o

A

Sweat

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10
Q

Noct/i Nyct/o

A

night

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11
Q

Olig/o

A

Scanty, few

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12
Q

Hemat/o

A

Blood

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13
Q

Lith/o

A

Stone, calculus

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14
Q

Albumin/o

A

Albumin

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15
Q

Azot/o

A

Nitrogen

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16
Q

Bacteri/o

A

Bacteria

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17
Q

Cali/o Calic/o

A

Calix, or plural calyces

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18
Q

Py/o

A

Pus

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19
Q

-Ptosis

A

Prolapse, sagging, drooping

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20
Q

-pexy

A

surgical fixation

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21
Q

-Uria

A

urination

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22
Q

-cele

A

herniation

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23
Q

-iasis

A

presence/formation of

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24
Q

-tripsy

A

surgical crushing

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25
Q

-ary

A

pertaning to

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26
Q

-gram

A

record, xray

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27
Q

Dia-

A

though/complete

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28
Q

-ectasis

A

Enlargement, stretching, or dilation.

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29
Q

glomerul/o

A

Glomerulus

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30
Q

-lysis

A

Separation, breakdown, setting free, destruction, or loosening.

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31
Q

-pexy

A

Surgical fixation.

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32
Q

ablation

A

The removal of a body part or the destruction of its function

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33
Q

anuria

A

The absence of urine formation by the kidneys

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34
Q

benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

An abnormal enlargement of the prostate gland

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35
Q

chronic kidney disease

A

The progressive loss of renal function over months or years.

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36
Q

cystitis

A

Inflammation of the bladder

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37
Q

cystocele

A

A hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall; also called a prolapsed bladder

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38
Q

cystolith

A

A stone located in the urinary bladder

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39
Q

cystopexy

A

The surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall

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40
Q

cystoscopy

A

The visual examination of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope

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41
Q

dialysis

A

A procedure to remove waste products from the blood of patients whose kidneys no longer function

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42
Q

diuresis

A

The increased output of urine

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43
Q

edema

A

Excessive fluid accumulation in body tissues

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44
Q

end-stage renal disease

A

The final stage of chronic kidney disease that is fatal unless the functions of the failed kidneys are successfully replaced by dialysis or with a successful kidney transplant

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45
Q

enuresis

A

The involuntary discharge of urine

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46
Q

epispadias

A

A congenital abnormality affecting the opening of the urethral opening. In the male, the opening is located on the upper surface of the penis. In the female, the urethral opening is located in the region of the clitoris

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47
Q

extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy

A

use of high-energy ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel to break up kidney stones into fragments, which are then excreted in the urine

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48
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

A form of nephritis caused by inflammation of the glomeruli that causes red blood cells and proteins to leak into the urine

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49
Q

hemodialysis

A

A procedure that filters waste products directly from the patient’s blood to replace the function of damaged kidneys

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50
Q

hydronephrosis

A

dilation of one or both kidneys that is the result of an obstruction of the flow of urine

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51
Q

hydroureter

A

Distention of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked

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52
Q

hyperproteinuria

A

presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine

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53
Q

hypoproteinemia

A

The presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood

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54
Q

hypospadias

A

A congenital abnormality in the placement of the urethral opening. In the male, the urethral opening is on the under surface of the penis. In the female, the urethral opening is into the vagina

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55
Q

incontinence

A

inability to control the excretion of urine and/or feces

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56
Q

interstitial cystitis

A

chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder

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57
Q

intravenous pyelogram

A

radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters using a contrast medium to diagnose changes in the urinary tract

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58
Q

nephrolith

A

stone located in the kidney; also known as renal calculus or a kidney stone.

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59
Q

nephrolithiasis

A

presence of a stone or stones in the kidney

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60
Q

nephrolysis

A

freeing of a kidney from adhesions

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61
Q

nephrons

A

microscopic functional units of each kidney where urine is produced through the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

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62
Q

nephropathy

A

kidney disease including degenerative and inflammatory conditions.

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63
Q

nephroptosis

A

prolapse, or dropping down, of a kidney into the pelvic area when the patient stands; also known as a floating kidney

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64
Q

nephropyosis

A

Suppuration of the kidney

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65
Q

nephrostomy

A

placement of a catheter to maintain an opening from the pelvis of one or both kidneys to the exterior of the body

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66
Q

nephrotic syndrome

A

groups of conditions in which excessive amounts of protein are lost in the urine, resulting in abnormally low levels of protein in the blood

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67
Q

neurogenic bladder

A

urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination

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68
Q

nocturia

A

Frequent and excessive urination during the night

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69
Q

nocturnal enuresis

A

Urinary incontinence during sleep

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70
Q

oliguria

A

Scanty urination

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71
Q

percutaneous nephrolithotomy

A

surgical removal of a nephrolith through a small incision in the back

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72
Q

peritoneal dialysis

A

Dialysis in which the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from the blood

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73
Q

polycystic kidney disease

A

inherited kidney disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys leading eventually to kidney failure

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74
Q

polyuria

A

Excessive urination.

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75
Q

prostatism

A

disorder resulting from the compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatichyperplasia

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76
Q

pyelotomy

A

surgical incision into the renal pelvis

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77
Q

suprapubic catheterization

A

placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made in the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone

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78
Q

uremia

A

toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which urea and other waste products are retained in the blood; also known as uremic poisoning

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79
Q

ureterectasis

A

distention of a ureter

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80
Q

ureterolith

A

stone located anywhere along the ureter

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81
Q

ureterorrhagia

A

discharge of blood from a ureter

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82
Q

ureterorrhaphy

A

The surgical suturing of a ureter

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83
Q

urethritis

A

Inflammation of the urethra

84
Q

urethroplasty

A

surgical repair of damage or a defect in the walls of the urethra

85
Q

urethrorrhagia

A

Bleeding from the urethra

86
Q

urethrostenosis

A

Narrowing of the urethra

87
Q

urethrotomy

A

surgical incision into the urethra for relief of a stricture

88
Q

urinary catheterization

A

insertion of a tube into the bladder in order to procure a sterile specimen for diagnostic purposes, to drain urine from the bladder when the patient is unable to urinate, or to place medication into the bladder

89
Q

vesicovaginal fistula

A

abnormal opening between the bladder and the vagina

90
Q

voiding cystourethrography

A

diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra

91
Q

Wilms tumor

A

rare type of malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in young children

92
Q

Diabetic nephropathy

A

kidney disease resulting from late-stage diabetes mellitus

93
Q

Renal failure

A

kidney failure due to loss of nephrons

94
Q

Azotemia

A

n elevation of the blood urea nitrogen

95
Q

Uremia

A

uremic poisoning, is a toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which kidney function is compromised and urea and other waste products normally secreted in the urine are retained in the blood

96
Q

Acute renal failure

A

udden onset and is characterized by uremia. It can be fatal if not reversed promptly. This condition can be caused by the kidneys not receiving enough blood to filter due to dehydration or a sudden drop in blood volume or blood pressure from injury, burns, or a severe infection

97
Q

Chronic kidney disease

A

is the progressive loss of renal function over months or years. This common condition, which can be life-threatening, may result from diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or a family history of kidney disease

98
Q

End-stage renal disease

A

final stage of chronic kidney disease, and this condition is fatal unless the functions of the failed kidneys are replaced by dialysis, or with a successful kidney transplant.

99
Q

Edema

A

excessive fluid accumulation in body tissues that can be symptomatic of nephrotic syndrome and other kidney diseases. This swelling can be in the area around the eyes, the abdomen, or the legs and feet

100
Q

Hyperproteinuria

A

the presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine

101
Q

Hypoproteinemia

A

the presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood

102
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

the dilation (swelling) of one or both kidneys ( hydr/o means water, nephr means kidney, and -osis means abnormal condition or disease). This condition can be caused by problems associated with the backing up of urine due to an obstruction such as a nephrolith (kidney stone) or a stricture (narrowing) in the ureter

103
Q

Nephritis

A

an inflammation of the kidney or kidney

104
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

a type of nephritis caused by inflammation of the glomeruli that causes red blood cells and proteins to leak into the urine

105
Q

Nephroptosis

A

also known as a floating kidney, is the prolapse, or dropping down, of a kidney into the pelvic area when the patient stands

106
Q

Nephropyosis

A

also known as pyonephrosis, is suppuration of the kidney ( nephr/o means kidney, py means pus, and -osis means abnormal condition or disease). Suppuration means the formation or discharge of pus

107
Q

Polycystic kidney disease

A

a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys

108
Q

Renal colic

A

acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by blockage during the passage of a nephrolith

109
Q

nephrolithiasis

A

describes the presence of stones in the kidney ( nephr/o means kidney, and -lithiasis means the presence of stones). As these stones travel with the flow of urine, they are named for the location where they become lodged

110
Q

ureterolith

A

a stone located anywhere along the ureter

111
Q

cystolith

A

a stone located within the urinary bladder

112
Q

Hydroureter

A

the distention (swelling) of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked

113
Q

Ureterectasis

A

is the distention (swelling) of a ureter due to hydroureter or congenital abnormalities

114
Q

Ureterorrhagia

A

the discharge of blood from the ureter

115
Q

Cystalgia

A

cystodynia both mean pain in the bladder

116
Q

cystocele

A

also known as a prolapsed bladder, is a hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall

117
Q

Interstitial cystitis

A

a chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder. The symptoms of this condition are similar to those of cystitis; however, they do not respond to traditional treatment

118
Q

Vesicoureteral reflux

A

the backward flow of urine into the ureters from the bladder

119
Q

vesicovaginal fistula

A

an abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina that allows constant involuntary flow of urine from the bladder into the vagina

120
Q

Neurogenic bladder

A

is a urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination

121
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

known as benign prostatic hypertrophy or enlarged prostate, is an enlargement of the prostate gland that most often occurs in men older than age 50 (Figure 9.9). This condition can make urination difficult and causes other urinary-tract problems for men

122
Q

Prostatism

A

a disorder resulting from the compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatic hyperplasia

123
Q

Prostate cancer

A

one of the most common cancers among men. The disease can grow slowly with no symptoms, or it can grow aggressively and spread throughout the body

124
Q

Prostatitis

A

group of disorders characterized by the inflammation of the prostate gland

125
Q

chronic nonbacterial prostatitis

A

with no single known cause

126
Q

Bacterial prostatitis

A

usually results from bacteria transported in the urine

127
Q

Urethrorrhagia

A

is bleeding from the urethra

128
Q

Urethrorrhea

A

an abnormal discharge from the urethra. This condition is associated with some sexually transmitted diseases

129
Q

Urethrostenosis

A

narrowing of the urethra. This condition occurs almost exclusively in men and is caused by scarring from infection or injury

130
Q

Epispadias

A

a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening. In the male with epispadias, the urethral opening is located on the upper surface of the penis. In the female with epispadias, the urethral opening is in the region of the clitoris

131
Q

Hypospadias

A

a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening. In the male with hypospadias, the urethral opening is on the ventral surface (underside) of the penis. In the female with hypospadias, the urethra opens into the vagina

132
Q

urinary tract infection (UTI)

A

usually begins in the bladder; however, such an infection can affect all parts of the urinary system. These common infections are caused by bacteria, most often E. coli, entering the urinary system through the urethra. They occur more frequently in women because the urethra is short and located near the opening to the rectum

133
Q

Cystitis

A

inflammation of the bladder

134
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

an inflammation of both the renal pelvis and kidney .This is usually caused by a bacterial infection that has spread upward from the bladder

135
Q

Urethritis

A

an inflammation of the urethra

136
Q

Anuria

A

the absence of urine formation by the kidney. This condition is often caused by kidney failure or a urinary tract obstruction

137
Q

Dysuria

A

is difficult or painful urination. This condition is frequently associated with urinary tract infections

138
Q

Enuresis

A

the involuntary discharge of urine

139
Q

Nocturnal enuresis

A

urinary incontinence during sleep. It is also known as bed-wetting.

140
Q

Nocturia

A

frequent and excessive urination during the night

141
Q

Oliguria

A

means scanty urination. This can be caused by dehydration, renal failure, or a urinary tract obstruction. Oliguria is the opposite of polyuria

142
Q

Polyuria

A

means excessive urination and is a common symptom of diabetes

143
Q

Urinary hesitancy

A

difficulty in starting a urinary stream. This condition is most common in older men with enlarged prostate glands. In younger people, the inability to urinate when another person is present is known as bashful bladder syndrome

144
Q

Urinary retention

A

also known as ischuria, is the inability to completely empty the bladder when attempting to urinate. This condition is also more common in men and is frequently associated with an enlarged prostate gland

145
Q

Incontinence

A

the inability to control the excretion of urine, feces, or both

146
Q

Urinary incontinence

A

the inability to control the voiding of urine

147
Q

Overflow incontinence

A

continuous leaking from the bladder either because it is full or because it does not empty completely. It is usually caused by a blocked urethra and is prevalent in older men with enlarged prostates

148
Q

Stress incontinence

A

the inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, lifting, sneezing, laughing, or coughing

149
Q

Overactive bladder

A

also known as urge incontinence, occurs when the muscles of the bladder contract involuntarily even though the bladder is not actually full enough to indicate the need to urinate.

150
Q

Urinalysis

A

examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements

151
Q

bladder ultrasound

A

use of a handheld ultrasound transducer to look for stones or for elevation of the bladder by an enlarged prostate and to measure the residual amount of urine remaining in the bladder after urination. A normal bladder holds between 300 and 400 mL of urine. When more than this amount is still present after urination, the bladder is described as being distended, or enlarged

152
Q

Urinary catheterization

A

the insertion of a tube into the bladder to procure a sterile specimen for diagnostic purposes. It is also used to drain urine from the bladder when the patient is unable to urinate for other reasons

153
Q

Cystoscopy

A

the visual examination of the urinary bladder with the use of a specialized type of endoscope known as a cystoscope

154
Q

Voiding cystourethrography

A

a diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra

155
Q

Computed tomography

A

also known as a CT scan, is more commonly used as a primary tool for evaluation of the urinary system because it can be rapidly performed and provides additional imaging of the abdomen, which may reveal other potential sources for the patient’s symptoms. Nephrotomography is the use of a CAT scan to examine the kidneys

156
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A

a blood test to check how well the kidneys are functioning at filtering blood. This test can help diagnose chronic kidney disease and kidney failure

157
Q

Cystography

A

a radiographic, or x-ray, examination of the bladder after a contrast medium is instilled via a urethral catheter

158
Q

Intravenous pyelography

A

also known as excretory urography, is a radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters

159
Q

KUB

A

radiographic study without the use of a contrast medium. This study, also referred to as a flat-plate of the abdomen,

160
Q

Retrograde urography

A

a radiograph of the urinary system taken after a contrast medium has been placed in the urethra through a sterile catheter and caused to flow upward through the urinary trac

161
Q

digital rectal examination

A

performed on men by using a lubricated, gloved finger placed in the rectum to palpate the prostate gland to detect prostate enlargement and to look for indications of prostate cancer or tumors of the rectum

162
Q

prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test

A

used to screen for prostate cancer. This test measures the amount of prostate-specific antigen that is present in a blood specimen. The prostate-specific antigen is a protein produced by the cells of the prostate gland to help liquefy semen

163
Q

Diuretic

A

medications administered to increase urine secretion, primarily to rid the body of excess water and salt

164
Q

Hemodialysis

A

the process by which waste products are filtered directly from the patient’s blood

165
Q

shunt

A

an artificial passage that allows the blood to flow between the body and the hemodialysis unit

166
Q

dialysate

A

a sterilized solution made up of water and electrolytes. This solution cleanses the blood by removing waste products and excess fluids

167
Q

peritoneal dialysis

A

the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from the blood. The sterile dialysate flows into the peritoneal cavity around the intestine through a catheter implanted in the abdominal wall

168
Q

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)

A

provides ongoing dialysis as the patient goes about his or her daily activities. In this procedure, the dialysate solution is instilled from a plastic container worn under the patient’s clothing

169
Q

ontinuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD) or automated peritoneal dialysis

A

uses a machine to cycle the dialysate solution during the night while the patient sleeps

170
Q

nephropexy

A

also known as nephrorrhaphy, is the surgical fixation of nephroptosis, or a floating kidney

171
Q

nephrostomy

A

the placement of a catheter to maintain an opening from the pelvis of one or both kidneys to the exterior of the body

172
Q

pyelotomy

A

a surgical incision into the renal pelvis ( pyel means the renal pelvis, and -otomy means surgical incision). This procedure is performed to correct obstructions such as a stone lodged in the junction between the renal pelvis and the ureter

173
Q

Renal transplantation

A

commonly known as a kidney transplant, is the grafting of a donor kidney, from either a living or nonliving donor, into the body to replace the recipient’s failed

174
Q

percutaneous nephrolithotomy

A

is the surgical removal of a nephrolith through a small incision in the back ( nephr/o means kidney, lith means stone, and -otomy means surgical incision). A small tube is temporarily inserted through the incision into the kidney

175
Q

ureterectomy

A

the surgical removal of a ureter

176
Q

Ureterorrhaphy

A

the surgical suturing of a ureter

177
Q

Ureteroscopy

A

a treatment for a nephrolith lodged in the ureter. A specialized instrument called a ureteroscope is inserted through the urethra and bladder into the ureter. If possible, the nephrolith is removed intact through the scope

178
Q

cystectomy

A

the surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder

179
Q

ileal conduit

A

or urinary ileostomy, is the use of a small piece of intestine to convey urine to the ureters and to a stoma in the abdomen

180
Q

Cystopexy

A

surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall

181
Q

Cystorrhaphy

A

the surgical suturing of a wound or defect in the bladder

182
Q

lithotomy

A

a surgical incision for the removal of a nephrolith from the bladder. Although this surgery is no longer common, its name is still used to describe a physical examination position for procedures involving the pelvis and lower abdomen

183
Q

Urinary catheterization

A

also known as cathing, is performed to withdraw urine for diagnostic purposes, to allow urine to drain freely, or to place a fluid such as a chemotherapy solution into the bladder

184
Q

indwelling catheter

A

remains inside the body for a prolonged time based on need

185
Q

Urethral catheterization

A

performed by inserting a plastic tube called a catheter though the urethra and into the bladder

186
Q

Suprapubic catheterization

A

is the placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone

187
Q

Foley catheter

A

the most common type of indwelling catheter. This device is made of a flexible tube with a balloon filled with sterile water at the end to hold it in place in the bladder

188
Q

intermittent catheter

A

also known as a short-term catheter, is inserted as needed several times a day to drain urine from the bladder

189
Q

meatotomy

A

a surgical incision made in the urethral meatus to enlarge the opening

190
Q

Urethroplasty

A

the surgical repair of damage or a defect in the walls of the urethra

191
Q

urethrotomy

A

a surgical incision into the urethra for relief of a stricture

192
Q

Ablation

A

the term used to describe some types of treatment of prostate cancer. This treatment involves the removal of a body part or the destruction of its function through the use of surgery, hormones, drugs, heat, chemicals, electrocautery, or other methods. Electrocautery is the use of high-frequency electrical current to destroy tissue

193
Q

prostatectomy

A

the surgical removal of part or all of the prostate gland
radical prostatectomy is the surgical removal of the entire prostate gland in cases where it is extremely enlarged or when cancer is suspected.

194
Q

transurethral prostatectomy

A

radical prostatectomy is the surgical removal of the entire prostate gland in cases where it is extremely enlarged or when cancer is suspected.

195
Q

Kegel exercises

A

Dr. Arnold Kegel, are a series of pelvic muscle exercises used to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor. They are used to control urinary stress incontinence in both sexes, in men to treat prostate pain and swelling, and in women to condition the muscles so that they will recover quickly after childbirth

196
Q

Bladder retraining

A

behavioral therapy in which the patient learns to urinate on a schedule, with increasingly longer time intervals as the bladder increases its capacity. The goal is to reestablish voluntary bladder control and to break the cycle of frequency and urgency that results from urge incontinence

197
Q

ARF

A

acute renal failure

198
Q

BPH

A

benign prostatic hyperplasia

199
Q

cath

A

catheterization

200
Q

CKD

A

chronic kidney disease

201
Q

cysto

A

cystoscopy

202
Q

DRE

A

digital rectal examination

203
Q

end-stage renal disease

A

ESRD

204
Q

extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy

A

ESWL

205
Q

polycystic kidney disease

A

PKD

206
Q

TURP

A

transurethral resection of the prostate

207
Q

UTI

A

urinary tract infection

Medical Terminology 101 (20 decks)

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