Ch.9 Urinary System Flashcards
nephr/o ren/o
Kidneys
pyel/o
renal pelvis
ur/o urin/o
urine
ureter/o
Ureters
cyst/o
Urinary Bladder
urethr/o
Urethra
prostat/o
Prostate
Hyrd/o
water/fluid
Hidr/o
Sweat
Noct/i Nyct/o
night
Olig/o
Scanty, few
Hemat/o
Blood
Lith/o
Stone, calculus
Albumin/o
Albumin
Azot/o
Nitrogen
Bacteri/o
Bacteria
Cali/o Calic/o
Calix, or plural calyces
Py/o
Pus
-Ptosis
Prolapse, sagging, drooping
-pexy
surgical fixation
-Uria
urination
-cele
herniation
-iasis
presence/formation of
-tripsy
surgical crushing
-ary
pertaning to
-gram
record, xray
Dia-
though/complete
-ectasis
Enlargement, stretching, or dilation.
glomerul/o
Glomerulus
-lysis
Separation, breakdown, setting free, destruction, or loosening.
-pexy
Surgical fixation.
ablation
The removal of a body part or the destruction of its function
anuria
The absence of urine formation by the kidneys
benign prostatic hyperplasia
An abnormal enlargement of the prostate gland
chronic kidney disease
The progressive loss of renal function over months or years.
cystitis
Inflammation of the bladder
cystocele
A hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall; also called a prolapsed bladder
cystolith
A stone located in the urinary bladder
cystopexy
The surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall
cystoscopy
The visual examination of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope
dialysis
A procedure to remove waste products from the blood of patients whose kidneys no longer function
diuresis
The increased output of urine
edema
Excessive fluid accumulation in body tissues
end-stage renal disease
The final stage of chronic kidney disease that is fatal unless the functions of the failed kidneys are successfully replaced by dialysis or with a successful kidney transplant
enuresis
The involuntary discharge of urine
epispadias
A congenital abnormality affecting the opening of the urethral opening. In the male, the opening is located on the upper surface of the penis. In the female, the urethral opening is located in the region of the clitoris
extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy
use of high-energy ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel to break up kidney stones into fragments, which are then excreted in the urine
glomerulonephritis
A form of nephritis caused by inflammation of the glomeruli that causes red blood cells and proteins to leak into the urine
hemodialysis
A procedure that filters waste products directly from the patient’s blood to replace the function of damaged kidneys
hydronephrosis
dilation of one or both kidneys that is the result of an obstruction of the flow of urine
hydroureter
Distention of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked
hyperproteinuria
presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine
hypoproteinemia
The presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood
hypospadias
A congenital abnormality in the placement of the urethral opening. In the male, the urethral opening is on the under surface of the penis. In the female, the urethral opening is into the vagina
incontinence
inability to control the excretion of urine and/or feces
interstitial cystitis
chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder
intravenous pyelogram
radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters using a contrast medium to diagnose changes in the urinary tract
nephrolith
stone located in the kidney; also known as renal calculus or a kidney stone.
nephrolithiasis
presence of a stone or stones in the kidney
nephrolysis
freeing of a kidney from adhesions
nephrons
microscopic functional units of each kidney where urine is produced through the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
nephropathy
kidney disease including degenerative and inflammatory conditions.
nephroptosis
prolapse, or dropping down, of a kidney into the pelvic area when the patient stands; also known as a floating kidney
nephropyosis
Suppuration of the kidney
nephrostomy
placement of a catheter to maintain an opening from the pelvis of one or both kidneys to the exterior of the body
nephrotic syndrome
groups of conditions in which excessive amounts of protein are lost in the urine, resulting in abnormally low levels of protein in the blood
neurogenic bladder
urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination
nocturia
Frequent and excessive urination during the night
nocturnal enuresis
Urinary incontinence during sleep
oliguria
Scanty urination
percutaneous nephrolithotomy
surgical removal of a nephrolith through a small incision in the back
peritoneal dialysis
Dialysis in which the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from the blood
polycystic kidney disease
inherited kidney disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys leading eventually to kidney failure
polyuria
Excessive urination.
prostatism
disorder resulting from the compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatichyperplasia
pyelotomy
surgical incision into the renal pelvis
suprapubic catheterization
placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made in the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone
uremia
toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which urea and other waste products are retained in the blood; also known as uremic poisoning
ureterectasis
distention of a ureter
ureterolith
stone located anywhere along the ureter
ureterorrhagia
discharge of blood from a ureter
ureterorrhaphy
The surgical suturing of a ureter
urethritis
Inflammation of the urethra
urethroplasty
surgical repair of damage or a defect in the walls of the urethra
urethrorrhagia
Bleeding from the urethra
urethrostenosis
Narrowing of the urethra
urethrotomy
surgical incision into the urethra for relief of a stricture
urinary catheterization
insertion of a tube into the bladder in order to procure a sterile specimen for diagnostic purposes, to drain urine from the bladder when the patient is unable to urinate, or to place medication into the bladder
vesicovaginal fistula
abnormal opening between the bladder and the vagina
voiding cystourethrography
diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra
Wilms tumor
rare type of malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in young children
Diabetic nephropathy
kidney disease resulting from late-stage diabetes mellitus
Renal failure
kidney failure due to loss of nephrons
Azotemia
n elevation of the blood urea nitrogen
Uremia
uremic poisoning, is a toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which kidney function is compromised and urea and other waste products normally secreted in the urine are retained in the blood
Acute renal failure
udden onset and is characterized by uremia. It can be fatal if not reversed promptly. This condition can be caused by the kidneys not receiving enough blood to filter due to dehydration or a sudden drop in blood volume or blood pressure from injury, burns, or a severe infection
Chronic kidney disease
is the progressive loss of renal function over months or years. This common condition, which can be life-threatening, may result from diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or a family history of kidney disease
End-stage renal disease
final stage of chronic kidney disease, and this condition is fatal unless the functions of the failed kidneys are replaced by dialysis, or with a successful kidney transplant.
Edema
excessive fluid accumulation in body tissues that can be symptomatic of nephrotic syndrome and other kidney diseases. This swelling can be in the area around the eyes, the abdomen, or the legs and feet
Hyperproteinuria
the presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine
Hypoproteinemia
the presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood
Hydronephrosis
the dilation (swelling) of one or both kidneys ( hydr/o means water, nephr means kidney, and -osis means abnormal condition or disease). This condition can be caused by problems associated with the backing up of urine due to an obstruction such as a nephrolith (kidney stone) or a stricture (narrowing) in the ureter
Nephritis
an inflammation of the kidney or kidney
Glomerulonephritis
a type of nephritis caused by inflammation of the glomeruli that causes red blood cells and proteins to leak into the urine
Nephroptosis
also known as a floating kidney, is the prolapse, or dropping down, of a kidney into the pelvic area when the patient stands
Nephropyosis
also known as pyonephrosis, is suppuration of the kidney ( nephr/o means kidney, py means pus, and -osis means abnormal condition or disease). Suppuration means the formation or discharge of pus
Polycystic kidney disease
a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys
Renal colic
acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by blockage during the passage of a nephrolith
nephrolithiasis
describes the presence of stones in the kidney ( nephr/o means kidney, and -lithiasis means the presence of stones). As these stones travel with the flow of urine, they are named for the location where they become lodged
ureterolith
a stone located anywhere along the ureter
cystolith
a stone located within the urinary bladder
Hydroureter
the distention (swelling) of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked
Ureterectasis
is the distention (swelling) of a ureter due to hydroureter or congenital abnormalities
Ureterorrhagia
the discharge of blood from the ureter
Cystalgia
cystodynia both mean pain in the bladder
cystocele
also known as a prolapsed bladder, is a hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall
Interstitial cystitis
a chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder. The symptoms of this condition are similar to those of cystitis; however, they do not respond to traditional treatment
Vesicoureteral reflux
the backward flow of urine into the ureters from the bladder
vesicovaginal fistula
an abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina that allows constant involuntary flow of urine from the bladder into the vagina
Neurogenic bladder
is a urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
known as benign prostatic hypertrophy or enlarged prostate, is an enlargement of the prostate gland that most often occurs in men older than age 50 (Figure 9.9). This condition can make urination difficult and causes other urinary-tract problems for men
Prostatism
a disorder resulting from the compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatic hyperplasia
Prostate cancer
one of the most common cancers among men. The disease can grow slowly with no symptoms, or it can grow aggressively and spread throughout the body
Prostatitis
group of disorders characterized by the inflammation of the prostate gland
chronic nonbacterial prostatitis
with no single known cause
Bacterial prostatitis
usually results from bacteria transported in the urine
Urethrorrhagia
is bleeding from the urethra
Urethrorrhea
an abnormal discharge from the urethra. This condition is associated with some sexually transmitted diseases
Urethrostenosis
narrowing of the urethra. This condition occurs almost exclusively in men and is caused by scarring from infection or injury
Epispadias
a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening. In the male with epispadias, the urethral opening is located on the upper surface of the penis. In the female with epispadias, the urethral opening is in the region of the clitoris
Hypospadias
a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening. In the male with hypospadias, the urethral opening is on the ventral surface (underside) of the penis. In the female with hypospadias, the urethra opens into the vagina
urinary tract infection (UTI)
usually begins in the bladder; however, such an infection can affect all parts of the urinary system. These common infections are caused by bacteria, most often E. coli, entering the urinary system through the urethra. They occur more frequently in women because the urethra is short and located near the opening to the rectum
Cystitis
inflammation of the bladder
Pyelonephritis
an inflammation of both the renal pelvis and kidney .This is usually caused by a bacterial infection that has spread upward from the bladder
Urethritis
an inflammation of the urethra
Anuria
the absence of urine formation by the kidney. This condition is often caused by kidney failure or a urinary tract obstruction
Dysuria
is difficult or painful urination. This condition is frequently associated with urinary tract infections
Enuresis
the involuntary discharge of urine
Nocturnal enuresis
urinary incontinence during sleep. It is also known as bed-wetting.
Nocturia
frequent and excessive urination during the night
Oliguria
means scanty urination. This can be caused by dehydration, renal failure, or a urinary tract obstruction. Oliguria is the opposite of polyuria
Polyuria
means excessive urination and is a common symptom of diabetes
Urinary hesitancy
difficulty in starting a urinary stream. This condition is most common in older men with enlarged prostate glands. In younger people, the inability to urinate when another person is present is known as bashful bladder syndrome
Urinary retention
also known as ischuria, is the inability to completely empty the bladder when attempting to urinate. This condition is also more common in men and is frequently associated with an enlarged prostate gland
Incontinence
the inability to control the excretion of urine, feces, or both
Urinary incontinence
the inability to control the voiding of urine
Overflow incontinence
continuous leaking from the bladder either because it is full or because it does not empty completely. It is usually caused by a blocked urethra and is prevalent in older men with enlarged prostates
Stress incontinence
the inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, lifting, sneezing, laughing, or coughing
Overactive bladder
also known as urge incontinence, occurs when the muscles of the bladder contract involuntarily even though the bladder is not actually full enough to indicate the need to urinate.
Urinalysis
examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements
bladder ultrasound
use of a handheld ultrasound transducer to look for stones or for elevation of the bladder by an enlarged prostate and to measure the residual amount of urine remaining in the bladder after urination. A normal bladder holds between 300 and 400 mL of urine. When more than this amount is still present after urination, the bladder is described as being distended, or enlarged
Urinary catheterization
the insertion of a tube into the bladder to procure a sterile specimen for diagnostic purposes. It is also used to drain urine from the bladder when the patient is unable to urinate for other reasons
Cystoscopy
the visual examination of the urinary bladder with the use of a specialized type of endoscope known as a cystoscope
Voiding cystourethrography
a diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra
Computed tomography
also known as a CT scan, is more commonly used as a primary tool for evaluation of the urinary system because it can be rapidly performed and provides additional imaging of the abdomen, which may reveal other potential sources for the patient’s symptoms. Nephrotomography is the use of a CAT scan to examine the kidneys
Glomerular filtration rate
a blood test to check how well the kidneys are functioning at filtering blood. This test can help diagnose chronic kidney disease and kidney failure
Cystography
a radiographic, or x-ray, examination of the bladder after a contrast medium is instilled via a urethral catheter
Intravenous pyelography
also known as excretory urography, is a radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters
KUB
radiographic study without the use of a contrast medium. This study, also referred to as a flat-plate of the abdomen,
Retrograde urography
a radiograph of the urinary system taken after a contrast medium has been placed in the urethra through a sterile catheter and caused to flow upward through the urinary trac
digital rectal examination
performed on men by using a lubricated, gloved finger placed in the rectum to palpate the prostate gland to detect prostate enlargement and to look for indications of prostate cancer or tumors of the rectum
prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test
used to screen for prostate cancer. This test measures the amount of prostate-specific antigen that is present in a blood specimen. The prostate-specific antigen is a protein produced by the cells of the prostate gland to help liquefy semen
Diuretic
medications administered to increase urine secretion, primarily to rid the body of excess water and salt
Hemodialysis
the process by which waste products are filtered directly from the patient’s blood
shunt
an artificial passage that allows the blood to flow between the body and the hemodialysis unit
dialysate
a sterilized solution made up of water and electrolytes. This solution cleanses the blood by removing waste products and excess fluids
peritoneal dialysis
the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from the blood. The sterile dialysate flows into the peritoneal cavity around the intestine through a catheter implanted in the abdominal wall
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
provides ongoing dialysis as the patient goes about his or her daily activities. In this procedure, the dialysate solution is instilled from a plastic container worn under the patient’s clothing
ontinuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD) or automated peritoneal dialysis
uses a machine to cycle the dialysate solution during the night while the patient sleeps
nephropexy
also known as nephrorrhaphy, is the surgical fixation of nephroptosis, or a floating kidney
nephrostomy
the placement of a catheter to maintain an opening from the pelvis of one or both kidneys to the exterior of the body
pyelotomy
a surgical incision into the renal pelvis ( pyel means the renal pelvis, and -otomy means surgical incision). This procedure is performed to correct obstructions such as a stone lodged in the junction between the renal pelvis and the ureter
Renal transplantation
commonly known as a kidney transplant, is the grafting of a donor kidney, from either a living or nonliving donor, into the body to replace the recipient’s failed
percutaneous nephrolithotomy
is the surgical removal of a nephrolith through a small incision in the back ( nephr/o means kidney, lith means stone, and -otomy means surgical incision). A small tube is temporarily inserted through the incision into the kidney
ureterectomy
the surgical removal of a ureter
Ureterorrhaphy
the surgical suturing of a ureter
Ureteroscopy
a treatment for a nephrolith lodged in the ureter. A specialized instrument called a ureteroscope is inserted through the urethra and bladder into the ureter. If possible, the nephrolith is removed intact through the scope
cystectomy
the surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder
ileal conduit
or urinary ileostomy, is the use of a small piece of intestine to convey urine to the ureters and to a stoma in the abdomen
Cystopexy
surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall
Cystorrhaphy
the surgical suturing of a wound or defect in the bladder
lithotomy
a surgical incision for the removal of a nephrolith from the bladder. Although this surgery is no longer common, its name is still used to describe a physical examination position for procedures involving the pelvis and lower abdomen
Urinary catheterization
also known as cathing, is performed to withdraw urine for diagnostic purposes, to allow urine to drain freely, or to place a fluid such as a chemotherapy solution into the bladder
indwelling catheter
remains inside the body for a prolonged time based on need
Urethral catheterization
performed by inserting a plastic tube called a catheter though the urethra and into the bladder
Suprapubic catheterization
is the placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone
Foley catheter
the most common type of indwelling catheter. This device is made of a flexible tube with a balloon filled with sterile water at the end to hold it in place in the bladder
intermittent catheter
also known as a short-term catheter, is inserted as needed several times a day to drain urine from the bladder
meatotomy
a surgical incision made in the urethral meatus to enlarge the opening
Urethroplasty
the surgical repair of damage or a defect in the walls of the urethra
urethrotomy
a surgical incision into the urethra for relief of a stricture
Ablation
the term used to describe some types of treatment of prostate cancer. This treatment involves the removal of a body part or the destruction of its function through the use of surgery, hormones, drugs, heat, chemicals, electrocautery, or other methods. Electrocautery is the use of high-frequency electrical current to destroy tissue
prostatectomy
the surgical removal of part or all of the prostate gland
radical prostatectomy is the surgical removal of the entire prostate gland in cases where it is extremely enlarged or when cancer is suspected.
transurethral prostatectomy
radical prostatectomy is the surgical removal of the entire prostate gland in cases where it is extremely enlarged or when cancer is suspected.
Kegel exercises
Dr. Arnold Kegel, are a series of pelvic muscle exercises used to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor. They are used to control urinary stress incontinence in both sexes, in men to treat prostate pain and swelling, and in women to condition the muscles so that they will recover quickly after childbirth
Bladder retraining
behavioral therapy in which the patient learns to urinate on a schedule, with increasingly longer time intervals as the bladder increases its capacity. The goal is to reestablish voluntary bladder control and to break the cycle of frequency and urgency that results from urge incontinence
ARF
acute renal failure
BPH
benign prostatic hyperplasia
cath
catheterization
CKD
chronic kidney disease
cysto
cystoscopy
DRE
digital rectal examination
end-stage renal disease
ESRD
extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy
ESWL
polycystic kidney disease
PKD
TURP
transurethral resection of the prostate
UTI
urinary tract infection
