Ch.8 Digestive System Flashcards
lith/o
Stone/Calculus
Chol/e
Bile, gall
Cyst/o
Sac
Peps/o
Digestion
Phag/o
Eat or swallow
Rrhexis
burst or rupture
Rrhaphy
Surgical suture
Rrhea
Flow/discharge
Emisis
Vomiting
Iasis
presence/formation of
Phagia
Swallowing
Algia
pain
pepsia
digestion
o/stomy
permenant opening
oid
like or resembling
Dia
through/complete
Or/o, stomat/o
mouth
gastr/o
stomach
enter/o
small intestine
col/o, colon/o
large intestine
an/o proct/o rect/o hepato
Rectum and anus
Hepat/o
Liver
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
Pancreat/o
Pancreas
an/o
anus, ring
Chol/e
bile, gall
enter/o
small intestine
hepat/o
liver
lithalsas
presence of stones
-pepsia
digest, digestion
sigmoid
sigmoid colon
aerophagia
excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking, and is a common cause of gas in the stomach.
anastomosis
surgical connection between two hollow or tubular structures; plural, anatomose
antiemetic
Medication administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting.
aphthous ulcers
Gray-white pits with a red border that appear in the soft tissues lining the mouth; also known as canker sores or mouth ulcers
ascites
An abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity.
bariatrics
he branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases
borborygmus
rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine.
cachexia
condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDS
celiac disease
inherited autoimmune disorder characterized by a severe reaction to food containing gluten; also known as gluten intolerance
cheilosis
disorder of the lips characterized by cracklike sores at the corners of the mouth.
xerostomia
lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretions by the salivary glands; also known as dry mouth.
volvulus
Twisting of the intestine upon itself, causing an obstruction.
cholangiography
adiographic examination of the bile ducts with the use of a contrast medium.
cholangitis
acute inflammation of the bile duct characterized by pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, fever, and jaundice
cholecystectomy
The surgical removal of the gallbladder
cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder; usually associated with gallstones
choledocholithotomy
An incision into the common bile duct for the removal of gallstones
cholelithiasis
The presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts.
cirrhosis
A progressive degenerative disease of the liver characterized by scarring.
colonoscopy
direct visual examination of the inner surface of the entire colon, from the rectum to the cecum.
colostomy
The surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface
Crohn’s disease
chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract; however, it is most often found in the ileum and in the colon.
dental prophylaxis
The professional cleaning of the teeth to remove plaque and calculus
diverticulitis
nflammation or infection of one or more diverticula in the colon.
diverticulosis
The chronic presence of an abnormal number of diverticula in the colon.
dyspepsia
Pain or discomfort in digestion; also known as indigestion.
dysphagia
Difficulty in swallowing.
enema
The placement of a solution into the rectum and colon to empty the lower intestine through bowel activity.
enteritis
Inflammation of the small intestine caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated with viral or bacterial pathogens
eructation
The act of belching or raising gas orally from the stomach
esophageal varices
Enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
An endoscopic procedure that allows direct visualization of the upper GI tract; this includes the esophagus, stomach, and upper duodenum.
gastroduodenostomy
The establishment of an anastomosis between the upper portion of the stomach and the duodenum.
gastroesophageal reflux disease
The upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus; also known as GERD
gastrostomy tube
The surgical placement of a feeding tube from the exterior of the body directly into the stomach.
hematemesis
The vomiting of blood.
Hemoccult test
A laboratory test for hidden blood in the stools; also known as fecal occult blood test
hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver usually caused by a viral infection.
herpes labialis
Blisterlike sores on the lips and adjacent tissue caused by the oral herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1); also known as cold sores or fever blisters
hiatal hernia
An anatomical abnormality in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest though an opening in the diaphragm.
hyperemesis
Extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration.
ileus
The partial or complete blockage of the small intestine, large intestine, or both caused by the stopping of normal peristalsis.
inguinal hernia
The protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in the lower abdominal wall or groin.
jaundice
A yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and eyes caused by greater-than-normal amounts of bilirubin in the blood.
leukoplakia
An abnormal white precancerous lesion (sore) that develops on the tongue or the inside of the cheek.
melena
The passage of black, tarry, and foul-smelling stools that is caused by the presence of digested blood.
morbid obesity
The condition of weighing two or more times the ideal weight or having a body mass index value greater than 40; also known as severe obesity
nasogastric intubation
The placement of a feeding tube through the nose and into the stomach
obesity
An excessive accumulation of fat in the body
palatoplasty
The surgical repair of a cleft palate or cleft lip.
peptic ulcers
Sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylorior by medications, such as aspirin, that irritate the mucous membranes.
peristalsis
A series of wavelike contractions of the smooth muscles in a single direction that moves the food forward into the digestive system.
polyp
A mushroomlike growth from the surface of a mucous membrane; not all polyps are malignant
proctologist
physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus.
regurgitation
return of swallowed food into the mouth
salmonellosis
infectious disease of the intestines that is transmitted by food contaminated with feces; also referred to as salmonella.
sigmoidoscopy
ndoscopic examination of the interior of the rectum, sigmoid colon, and possibly a portion of the descending colon
stomatitis
inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth.
trismus
Any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery, or radiation associated with the treatment of oral cance
ulcerative colitis
A chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of inflammation in the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers and irritation.
volvulus
Twisting of the intestine upon itself, causing an obstruction.
xerostomia
lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretions by the salivary glands; also known as dry mouth.
Stomatomycosis
any disease of the mouth due to a fungus
Oral Thrush
a type of stomatomycosis that develops when the fungus Candida albicans grows out of control
cleft lip
also known as a harelip, is a birth defect in which there is a deep groove of the lip running upward to the nose as a result of the failure of this portion of the lip to close during prenatal development
cleft palate
failure of the palate to close during the early development of the fetus
Bruxism
the involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep and is associated with tension or stress
Dental caries
also known as tooth decay or a cavity, is an infectious disease caused by bacteria that destroy the enamel and dentin of the tooth
Dental plaque
which is a major cause of dental caries and periodontal disease, forms as soft deposits in sheltered areas near the gums and between the teeth. Dental plaque consists of bacteria and bacterial by-products.
Edentulous
means without teeth. This term describes the situation after the natural permanent teeth have been lost
Halitosis
also known as bad breath, is an unpleasant odor coming from the mouth that can be caused by dental diseases or respiratory or gastric disorders
Malocclusion
any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth
Periodontal disease
also known as periodontitis, is an inflammation of the tissues that surround and support the teeth
Dental calculus
also known as tartar, is dental plaque that has calcified (hardened) on the teeth. These deposits irritate the surrounding tissues and cause increasingly serious periodontal diseases
Gingivitis
the earliest stage of periodontal disease, and the inflammation affects only the gums
Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
also known as trench mouth, is caused by the abnormal growth of bacteria in the mouth. As this condition progresses, the inflammation, bleeding, deep ulceration, and the death of gum tissue become more severe
Dysphagia
is difficulty in swallowing
Eosinophilic esophagitis
a chronic immune system disease in which a type of white blood cell called an eosinophil builds up in the esophagus, usually as the result of an allergy to certain foods
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
also known as GERD, is the upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus
Barrett’s esophagus
a condition that occurs when the cells in the epithelial tissue of the esophagus are damaged by chronic acid exposure. Some patients with chronic GERD develop this complication, which slightly increases the risk of esophageal cancer.
stricture
the esophagus resulting from scar tissue or other damage can cause swallowing difficulties
Pyrosis
also known as heartburn, is the burning sensation caused by the return of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus
Esophageal varices
are enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus
hiatal hernia
an anatomical abnormality in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest, through an opening in the diaphragm
Gastritis
a common inflammation of the stomach lining that is often caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori
Gastroenteritis
an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestines
Gastroparesis
a condition in which the muscles in the stomach slow down and work poorly or not at all, preventing the stomach from emptying normally
Gastrorrhea
the excessive secretion of gastric juice or mucus in the stomach
Peptic ulcers
sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system (pept means digestion, and -ic means pertaining to). Peptic ulcers are caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori or by medications, such as aspirin, that irritate the mucous membranes
Anorexia
is the loss of appetite for food, especially when caused by disease. Anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders are discussed under “Mental Health”
Cachexia
a condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDS. Although these patients might be eating enough food, their bodies are unable to absorb enough nutrients
Dehydration
a condition in which fluid loss exceeds fluid intake and disrupts the body’s normal electrolyte balance
Malnutrition
a lack of proper food or nutrients in the body due to a shortage of food, poor eating habits, or the inability of the body to digest, absorb, and distribute these nutrients. Mal- is a prefix meaning bad or poor.
Malabsorption
a condition in which the small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from food that passes through it
body mass index (BMI)
a number that shows body weight adjusted for height. The results fall into one of these categories: underweight, normal, overweight, or obese.
Comorbidity
describes the presence of more than one disease or health condition in an individual at a given time
Aerophagia
is the excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking and is a common cause of gas in the stomach
Dyspepsia
also known as indigestion, is pain or discomfort in digestion
Emesis
also known as vomiting, is the reflex ejection of the stomach contents outward through the mouth. Emesis is used either as a standalone term or as the suffix -emesis
Eructation
the act of belching or raising gas orally from the stomach
Nausea
he urge to vomit
Regurgitation
the return of swallowed food into the mouth
Gluten intolerance
known as non-celiac gluten sensitivity, is a response to gluten involving digestive distress but not causing the intestinal tissue damage of celiac disease
food allergy
immune system reaction that occurs after eating a certain food
Lactose intolerance
the inability to digest dairy products due to the absence of the enzyme lactase, which is needed to process the sugar (lactose) found in milk and some other dairy products
Colorectal carcinoma
commonly known as colon cancer, often first manifests itself in polyps in the colon
polyp
a mushroom-like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane. Not all polyps are malignant.
Diverticulosis
the chronic presence of an abnormal number of diverticula in the colon
diverticulum
a small pouch, or sac, found in the lining or wall of a tubular organ such as the colon
Diverticulitis
which sometimes develops as a result of diverticulosis, is the inflammation or infection of one or more diverticulum in the colon
anal fissure
small crack-like sore in the skin of the anus that can cause severe pain during a bowel movement. As used here, a fissure is a groove or crack-like sore of the skin
Bowel incontinence
the inability to control the excretion of feces. Urinary incontinence is discussed in
Constipation
defined as having a bowel movement fewer than three times per week. With constipation, stools are usually hard, dry, small in size, and difficult to eliminate. Constipation can be caused by a lack of fiber in the diet, disease, a side effect of certain drugs, and (especially in women) pelvic floor dysfunction. Pelvic floor dysfunction is the lack of coordination of the muscles needed for the rectum to straighten and the anal sphincter to relax
Diarrhea
an abnormally frequent flow of loose or watery stools and can lead to dehydration
Hemorrhoids
occur when a cluster of veins, muscles, and tissues slip near or through the anal opening. These veins can become inflamed, resulting in pain, fecal leakage, itching, and bleeding.
rectocele
a bulging of the front wall of the rectum into the vagina, usually as the result of childbirth or pregnancy
Hematochezia
the presence of bright red blood in the stool. This bright red color usually indicates that the blood is coming from the lower part of the gastrointestinal tract
Melena
contrast to hematochezia, is the passage of black, tarry, foul-smelling stools. This appearance of the stools is caused by the presence of digested blood and often indicates bleeding in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract
Steatorrhea
he presence of excess fat in the stool (steat/o means fat, and -rrhea means flow or discharge). This condition, which results in frothy, foul-smelling stools, is usually caused by pancreatic disease, the removal of the gallbladder, or malabsorption disorders
Ascites
n abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity. This condition is usually the result of severe liver disease creating pressure on the liver’s blood vessels. As used here, the term serous means a substance having a watery consistency
Hepatomegaly
is the abnormal enlargement of the liver (hepat/o means liver, and -megaly means enlargement
Cirrhosis
chronic degenerative disease of the liver characterized by scarring
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
describes the accumulation of fat in the liver of people who drink little or no alcohol. Those with this condition, which usually has no signs or symptoms, are most often individuals who are obese, have type 2
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
a more serious form of this condition because it consists of fatty accumulations plus liver-damaging inflammation
Cholangitis
an acute inflammation of the bile duct characterized by pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, fever, and jaundice
Cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder, usually associated with gallstones blocking the flow of bile
gallstone
also known as a cholelith, is a hard deposit formed in the gallbladder and bile ducts due to the concretion of bile components
Cholelithiasis
the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts
anastomosis
connecting two hollow organs
Abdominal computed tomography
a radiographic procedure that produces a detailed cross-section of the tissue structure within the abdomen, showing, for example, the presence of a tumor or obstruction
abdominal ultrasound
noninvasive test used to visualize internal organs by using very high- frequency sound waves
Cholangiography
a radiographic examination of the bile ducts with the use of a contrast medium This test is used to identify obstructions in the liver or bile ducts that slow or block the flow of bile from the liver. The resulting record is a cholangiogram.
enema
placement of a solution into the rectum and colon to empty the lower intestine through bowel activity
upper GI seriesand a lower GI series
radiographic studies to examine the digestive system. A contrast medium is required to make these structures visible. A barium swallow is used for the upper GI series, and a barium enema is used for the lower GI series
Stool samples
specimens of feces that are examined for content and characteristics. For example, fatty stools might indicate the presence of pancreatic disease
endoscope
an instrument used for an endoscopy, a visual examination of internal structures
anoscopy
the visual examination of the anal canal and lower rectum
capsule endoscopy
the use of a tiny video camera in a capsule that the patient swallows
colonoscopy
the direct visual examination of the inner surface of the entire colon from the rectum to the cecum using a colonoscopethe direct visual examination of the inner surface of the entire colon from the rectum to the cecum using a colonoscope
virtual colonoscopy
small, flexible tube is inserted into the rectum and an MRI or CT machine is used to produce two- and three-dimensional images of the colon. The preparation, which requires that the bowels be completely emptied, is the same for both of these types of colonoscopy and the sigmoidoscopy
sigmoidoscopy
he endoscopic examination of the interior of the rectum, sigmoid colon, and possibly a portion of the descending colon
Hemoccult® test
fecal occult blood test, is a laboratory test for hidden blood in stool
Cologuard®
a recently developed, noninvasive, collect-at-home stool test that uses DNA testing along with screening for hidden blood to determine the potential presence of colorectal cancer
Antioxidants
hemicals such as vitamins A, C, and E; carotene; and lutein that may prevent or delay cell damage by blocking the activity of potentially harmful chemicals called free radicals
Probiotics
living microorganisms sometimes described as “good” bacteria because of their role in aiding digestion and protecting the body from harmful bacteria
Prebiotics
the nondigestible carbohydrates that probiotics feed on. Foods such as yogurt, some dairy drinks, and supplements contain both probiotics and prebiotics
Antacids
which neutralize the acids in the stomach, are taken to relieve the discomfort of conditions such as pyrosis or to help peptic ulcers heal
Proton pump inhibitors
decrease the amount of acid produced by the stomach. These medications are used to treat the symptoms of GERD
antiemetic
a medication that is administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting
Laxatives
medications or foods given to stimulate bowel movements.
Antimotility
drugs and antacids are among the over-the-counter medications used to treat diarrhea and upset stomach
Intravenous fluids
administered to combat the effects of dehydration
Oral rehydration therapy
a treatment in which a solution of electrolytes is administered in a liquid preparation to counteract the dehydration that can accompany diarrhea, especially in young children
dental implant
the anchoring of a crown, bridge, or denture to the bone of the jaw. Crowns, bridges, and dentures can also be placed in the mouth without being anchored to the jaw
crown
metal or porcelain alloy cap shaped like a damaged tooth cemented over the remaining tooth structure. CAD-CAM (computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing) devices are now able to create crowns in the dental office instead of the traditional method of having these prosthetics made in an outside lab. Note: The word crown also refers to the portion of the tooth visible in the mouth
bridge
fixed dental prosthesis used to join one or more artificial teeth to the adjacent teeth
denture
a plate holding one or more replacement teeth. Conventional dentures, also known as a full or partial set of false teeth, are removable
root canal
refers both to the pulp cavity in the root of the tooth and to a procedure in which diseased or damaged pulp in the root canal is removed in order to save the tooth. After it is free of infection, the cavity is filled with a protective substance and sealed
gingivectomy
the surgical removal of diseased gingival tissue
Maxillofacial surgery
is specialized surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries.
Palatoplasty
surgical repair of a cleft palate, also used to refer to the repair of a cleft lip
gastrectomy
is the surgical removal of all or a part of the stomach
Nasogastric intubation
he placement of a feeding tube through the nose and into the stomach
gastrostomy tube
a surgically placed feeding tube from the exterior of the body directly into the stomach (gastr means stomach, and -ostomy means surgically creating an opening). This is also known as a G-tube, and it is permanently placed to provide nutrition for patients who cannot swallow or take sufficient nutrients by mouth
Total parenteral nutrition
is administered to patients who cannot or should not get their nutrition through eating. All of the patient’s nutritional requirements are met through a specialized solution administered intravenously.
Bariatric surgery
performed to treat morbid obesity by restricting the amount of food that can enter the stomach and be digested. These procedures limit food intake and force dietary changes that enable weight reduction
Gastric bypass surgery
also known as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, makes the stomach smaller by stapling a section to create a small pouch and causes food to bypass the first part of the small intestine. This procedure, which is the most common bariatric surgery, is not reversible and carries some risk of complications
lap-band adjustable gastric bandinglap-band adjustable gastric banding (LAGB)
procedure involves placing an inflatable band around the exterior of the stomach to restrict the amount of food that can enter (Figure 8.20). This procedure has the advantage of being reversible through the removal of the band
Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty
one of several endoscopic options for bariatric surgeries requiring general anesthesia. In this procedure, the stomach is sutured to make it into a small tube, reducing its capacity significantly
colectomy
the surgical removal of all or part of the colon
colotomy
a surgical incision into the colon
diverticulectomy
the surgical removal of a diverticulum
gastroduodenostomy
the establishment of an anastomosis between the upper portion of the stomach and the duodenum
ileectomy
the surgical removal of the ileum
ileostomy
the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the ileum, at the end of the small intestine, and the outside of the abdominal wall
colostomy
the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface
hemorrhoidectomy
the surgical removal of hemorrhoids
Proctopexy
the surgical fixation of a prolapsed rectum to an adjacent tissue or organ
hepatectomy
the surgical removal of all or part of the liver
liver transplant
an option for a patient whose liver has failed for a reason other than liver cancer. Because liver tissue regenerates, a partial liver transplant, in which only part of the organ is donated, can be adequate. A partial liver can be donated by a living donor whose blood and tissue types match
choledocholithotomy
an incision into the common bile duct for the removal of a gallstone
cholecystectomy
the surgical removal of the gallbladder
BMI
Body Mass Index
COL
Colonoscopy
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
EGD
reflux gastroesophagealdisease
GERD
gastrointestinal
Gl
inguinal hernia
IH
IBD
inflammatory bowel disease
IBS
irritable bowel syndrome
NG tube
nasogastric tube
PUD
peptic ulcer disease
total parenteral nutrition
TPN
ulcerative colitis
UC
