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Medical Terminology 101 > Ch.10 Nervous System > Flashcards

Ch.10 Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

cerebr/o, encephal/o

A

Brain

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2
Q

myel/o

A

Spinal Cord

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3
Q

neur/i, neur/o

A

Nerves

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4
Q

caus/o

A

Burning or burn

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5
Q

cerebr/o

A

Cerebrum or brain

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6
Q

Menning/o

A

Meninges( spinal cord covering

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7
Q

Dur/o

A

Dura meter

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8
Q

Encephal/o

A

Brain

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9
Q

Thalam/o

A

Thalamus

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10
Q

Cephal/o

A

Head

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11
Q

Crani/o

A

Cranium/skull

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12
Q

Electr/o

A

Electrical

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13
Q

Kinesi/o

A

Movement

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14
Q

Plegia-

A

paralysis

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15
Q

Paresis

A

slight paralysis

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16
Q

phasia

A

speak

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17
Q

-taxia

A

coordination

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18
Q

Malacia

A

abnormal softening

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19
Q

Graph-

A

Used to record

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20
Q

concuss/o

A

Shaken together or violently agitated

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21
Q

contus/o

A

Bruise

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22
Q

encephal/o

A

Brain

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23
Q

esthesia

A

Sensation or feeling.

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24
Q

esthet/o

A

esthet/o

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25
Q

-graphy

A

Process of producing a picture or record

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26
Q

phobia

A

Abnormal fear.

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27
Q

psych/o

A

Mind.

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28
Q

radicul/o

A

Root or nerve root

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29
Q

tropic

A

Having an affinity for

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30
Q

acrophobia

A

An excessive fear of heights

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31
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

group of disorders involving the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language. It is the leading cause of dementia and is marked by progressive deterioration that affects memory and reasoning capabilities

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32
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

rapidly progressive neurological disease that attacks the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscles, resulting in complete paralysis and death; also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease

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33
Q

anesthetic

A

Medication used to induce anesthesia

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34
Q

anesthetist

A

medical professional who specializes in administering anesthesia but is not a physician

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35
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

false perception of body appearance which leads to an intense fear of gaining weight and inability to maintain a healthy body weight.

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36
Q

anxiety disorders

A

Mental conditions characterized by excessive, irrational dread of everyday situations or fear that is out of proportion to the real danger in a situation

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37
Q

autism

A

A subgroup of autistic spectrum disorders. Children with autism have significant developmental delays, including speech and language, with most having very minimal verbal skills and lacking normal social relationships

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38
Q

Bell’s palsy

A

Temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve that causes paralysis only on the affected side of the face

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39
Q

carotid ultrasonography

A

ultrasound study of the carotid artery to detect plaque buildup in the artery to predict or diagnose an ischemic stroke

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40
Q

causalgia

A

Persistent, severe burning pain that usually follows an injury to a sensory nerve

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41
Q

cerebral contusion

A

Bruising of brain tissue as a result of a head injury that causes the brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull

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42
Q

cerebral palsy

A

A condition characterized by poor muscle control, spasticity, speech defects, and other neurologic deficiencies

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43
Q

cerebrovascular accident

A

Damage to the brain that occurs when the blood flow to the brain is disrupted; also known as a stroke

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44
Q

cervical radiculopathy

A

Nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots in the neck region

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45
Q

claustrophobia

A

abnormal fear of being in small or enclosed spaces

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46
Q

cognition

A

mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory

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47
Q

coma

A

deep state of unconsciousness marked by the absence of spontaneous eye movement, no response to painful stimuli, and the lack of speech

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48
Q

concussion

A

violent shaking up or jarring of the brain that may result in a temporary loss of awareness and function

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49
Q

cranial hematoma

A

collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain

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50
Q

delirium

A

acute condition of confusion, disorientation, disordered thinking and memory, agitation, and hallucinations

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51
Q

delirium tremens

A

disorder involving sudden and severe mental changes or seizures caused by abruptly stopping the use of alcohol

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52
Q

delusion

A

false personal belief that is maintained despite obvious proof or evidence to the contrary

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53
Q

dementia

A

slowly progressive decline in mental abilities–including memory, thinking, and judgment–that is often accompanied by personality changes

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54
Q

dura mater

A

thick, tough, outermost membrane of the meninges

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55
Q

dyslexia

A

learning disability characterized by substandard reading achievement due to the inability of the brain to process symbols; also known as a developmental reading disorder

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56
Q

echoencephalography

A

use of ultrasound imaging to create a detailed visual image of the brain for diagnostic purposes

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57
Q

electroencephalography

A

process of recording the electrical activity of the brain through the use of electrodes attached to the scalp

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58
Q

encephalitis

A

Inflammation of the brain.

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59
Q

epidural anesthesia

A

Regional anesthesia produced by injecting a local anesthetic into the epidural space of the lumbar or sacral region of the spine

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60
Q

epilepsy

A

chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent episodes of seizures of varying severities

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61
Q

factitious disorder

A

condition in which a person acts as if he or she has a physical or mental illness when he or she is not really sick

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62
Q

Guillain–Barré syndrome

A

Inflammation of the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves, characterized by rapidly worsening muscle weakness that may lead to temporary paralysis; also known as infectious polyneuritis

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63
Q

hallucination

A

sensory perception (sight, touch, sound, smell, or taste) experienced in the absence of an external stimulation

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64
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

A

Occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures; also known as a bleed

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65
Q

hydrocephalus

A

condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the ventricles of the brain

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66
Q

hyperesthesia

A

condition of abnormal and excessive sensitivity to touch, pain, or other sensory stimuli

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67
Q

ischemic stroke

A

type of stroke that occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked by the narrowing or blockage of a carotid artery

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68
Q

lethargy

A

lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness, drowsiness, and apathy

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69
Q

meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges of the brain or spinal cord

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70
Q

meningocele

A

congenital herniation of the meninges that surround the brain or spinal cord through a defect in the skull or spinal column

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71
Q

migraine headache

A

headache that is characterized by throbbing pain on one side of the head and is sometimes accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light or sound

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72
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation that causes demyelination of the myelin sheath, resulting in scarring of the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves

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73
Q

myelitis

A

Inflammation of the spinal cord; also inflammation of bone marrow

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74
Q

myelography

A

radiographic study of the spinal cord after the injection of a contrast medium through a lumbar puncture

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75
Q

narcolepsy

A

sleep disorder consisting of sudden and uncontrollable brief episodes of falling asleep during the day

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76
Q

neurotransmitters

A

Chemical substances that make it possible for messages to cross from the synapse of a neuron to the target receptor

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77
Q

obsessive-compulsive disorder

A

anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent thoughts or impulses that are repetitive, intrusive, and distressing

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78
Q

panic attack

A

An unexpected, sudden experience of fear in the absence of danger, accompanied by physical symptoms such as heart palpitations, shortness of breath, chest tightness, dizziness, sweating, nausea, feelings of unreality, and/or choking sensations

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79
Q

paresthesia

A

burning or prickling sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms, legs, or feet, but can also occur in other parts of the body

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80
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

chronic, degenerative central nervous system disorder characterized by fine muscle tremors, rigidity, and a slow or shuffling gait caused by inadequate levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain

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81
Q

peripheral neuropathy

A

disorder of the peripheral nerves that carry information to and from the brain and spinal cord, producing pain, the loss of sensation, and the inability to control muscles

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82
Q

post-traumatic stress disorder

A

disorder that may develop after an event involving actual or threatened death or injury to the individual or someone else, during which the person felt intense fear, helplessness, or horror with symptoms including emotional numbing, hyperarousal, anxiety, sleep disorders, and persistent reliving of the event

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83
Q

Reye’s syndrome

A

potentially serious or deadly disorder in children that is characterized by vomiting and confusion; sometimes follows a viral illness in which the child was treated with aspirin

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84
Q

schizophrenia

A

psychotic disorder usually characterized by withdrawal from reality, illogical patterns of thinking, delusions and hallucinations, and accompanied in varying degrees by other emotional, behavioral, or intellectual disturbances

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85
Q

sciatica

A

Inflammation of the sciatic nerve.

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86
Q

seizure

A

sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain that affects how a person feels or acts for a short time

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87
Q

shaken baby syndrome

A

results when a child has been violently shaken by someone; can cause brain injury, blindness, fractures, seizures, paralysis, and death.

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88
Q

syncope

A

brief loss of consciousness caused by the decreased flow of blood to the brain; also known as fainting

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89
Q

trigeminal neuralgia

A

condition characterized by severe lightning-like pain due to an inflammation of the fifth cranial nerve; affects the cheek, lips, and gums on the side of the face innervated by the affected nerve

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90
Q

AD

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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91
Q

ALS

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

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92
Q

ADHD

A

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

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93
Q

CP

A

cerebral palsy

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94
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalography

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95
Q

ICP

A

intracranial pressure

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96
Q

LOC

A

loss of consciousness/levels of consciousness

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97
Q

LP

A

lumbar puncture

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98
Q

MS

A

multiple sclerosis

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99
Q

OCD

A

obsessive-compulsive disorder

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100
Q

PTSD

A

post-traumatic stress disorder

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101
Q

SZ

A

seizure

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102
Q

TIA

A

transient ischemic attack

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103
Q

Cephalalgia

A

also known as a headache, is pain in the head

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104
Q

migraine headache

A

which may be preceded by a warning aura, is characterized by throbbing pain on one side of the head. Migraine headaches primarily affect women and are sometimes accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light or sound.

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105
Q

Cluster headaches

A

are intensely painful headaches that affect one side of the head and may be associated with tearing of the eyes and nasal congestion

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106
Q

encephalocele

A

also known as a craniocele, is a congenital herniation of brain tissue through a gap in the skull

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107
Q

meningocele

A

he congenital herniation of the meninges through a defect in the skull or spinal column

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108
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

a condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the ventricles of the brain

109
Q

meningioma

A

a common, slow-growing, and usually benign tumor of the meninges

110
Q

Meningitis

A

also referred to as infectious meningitis, is an inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord

111
Q

Dementia

A

a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgment, that is often accompanied by personality changes. Senile dementia is dementia of the aged. Sundowning refers to a group of symptoms leading to a state of confusion that can happen towards the end of the day in patients with dementia

112
Q

Vascular dementia

A

form of dementia caused by a stroke or other restriction of the flow of blood to the brain. Although Alzheimer’s disease is the primary cause of dementia, vascular dementia accounts for about 10 to 20% of all cases

113
Q

Encephalitis

A

which is an inflammation of the brain, can be caused by a viral infection such as rabies

114
Q

Reye’s syndrome

A

a serious and potentially deadly disorder in children that is characterized by vomiting and confusion. This syndrome sometimes follows a viral illness in which the child was treated with aspirin

115
Q

Tetanus

A

also known as lockjaw, is an acute and potentially fatal infection of the central nervous system caused by a toxin produced by the tetanus bacteria. Tetanus can be prevented through immunization. In unimmunized people, this condition is typically acquired through a deep puncture wound

116
Q

Tourette syndrome

A

a complex neurological disorder characterized by involuntary tics, grunts, and compulsive utterances that sometimes include obscenities

117
Q

neurodegenerative disease

A

also called degenerative nerve disease, is an umbrella term for disorders in which there is a progressive loss of the structure or functions of the neurons

118
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

a group of disorders involving the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language (Figure 10.9). It is the leading form of dementia and is marked by progressive deterioration that affects both the memory and reasoning capabilities of an individual

119
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

a genetic disorder that is classified as a neurodegenerative disease

120
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

a chronic, degenerative central nervous disorder characterized by fine muscle tremors, rigidity, and a slow or shuffling gait. Gait describes the manner of walking. This slow or shuffling gait is caused by gradual progressive loss of control over movements due to inadequate levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain

121
Q

Lewy body dementia

A

which is the second most common type of dementia, occurs when abnormal proteins interfere with cell function in the brain. It is named after neurologist Frederic Lewy

122
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, is a rapidly progressive neurological disease that attacks the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscles. Patients affected with this condition become progressively weaker until they are completely paralyzed and die

123
Q

Amnesia

A

a memory disturbance characterized by a total or partial inability to recall past experiences. This condition can be caused by a brain injury, illness, or a psychological disturbance

124
Q

concussion

A

a violent shaking up or jarring of the brain (concuss means shaken together, and -ion means condition or state of). A concussion may result in a temporary loss of awareness and function. Compare with a cerebral contusion

125
Q

cerebral contusion

A

the bruising of brain tissue as the result of a head injury that causes the brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull Compare with concussion

126
Q

cranial hematoma

A

a collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain. Named for their location, the types of cranial hematomas include an epidural hematoma located above the dura mater, or a subdural hematoma, which is located below the dura mater (Figure 10.10). Cranial hematomas may be caused by a major or minor head injury

127
Q

traumatic brain injury

A

a blow to the head or a penetrating head injury that damages the brain. Not all blows to the head result in damage to the brain. When an injury does occur, it can range from mild, with only a brief change in mental status, to severe, with longer-lasting effects

128
Q

Levels of consciousness

A

describe the measurement of response to arousal and stimulus. Altered levels of consciousness

129
Q

conscious

A

the state of being awake, alert, aware, and responding appropriately

130
Q

unconscious

A

a state of being unaware and unable to respond to any stimuli, including pain

131
Q

Lethargy

A

a lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness, drowsiness, and apathy. As used here, apathy means indifference and a reduced level of activity. The term lethargic refers to a person who is at this level of consciousness

132
Q

stupor

A

an unresponsive state from which a person can be aroused only briefly despite vigorous, repeated attempts

133
Q

Syncope

A

also known as fainting, is the brief loss of consciousness caused by the decreased flow of blood to the brain

134
Q

coma

A

a profound (deep) state of unconsciousness marked by the absence of spontaneous eye movements, no response to painful stimuli, and the lack of speech. The term comatose refers to a person who is in a coma

135
Q

persistent vegetative state

A

type of coma in which the patient exhibits alternating sleep and wake cycles; however, due to severe damage to certain areas of the brain, the person is unconscious even when appearing to be awake

136
Q

Delirium

A

an acute condition of confusion, disorientation, disordered thinking and memory, agitation, and hallucinations

137
Q

malignant brain tumor

A

estroys brain tissue. When this cancer originates in the brain, it is considered to be the primary site. If this cancer metastasizes (spreads) to the brain from another body system, it is considered to be a secondary site

138
Q

benign brain tumor

A

does not invade the brain tissue; however, because this growth is surrounded by rigid bone, as the tumor enlarges, it can damage the brain tissue by placing pressure against the tissues and by increasing the intracranial pressure

139
Q

Intracranial pressure

A

the amount of pressure inside the skull (intra- means within, crani means cranium, and -al means pertaining to). Elevated intracranial pressure can be due to a tumor, an injury, or improper drainage of cerebrospinal fluid

140
Q

cerebrovascular accident

A

CVA is damage to the brain that occurs when the blood flow to the brain is disrupted because a blood vessel is either blocked or has ruptured. Strokes are currently the third-leading cause of death and the primary cause of long-term disability

141
Q

Facial droop

A

one side of the face droops or does not move equally when the person smiles

142
Q

Arm drift

A

weakness on one side of the body, demonstrated by one arm drifting down when both arms are extended

143
Q

Speech abnormality

A

slurred speech, using the wrong words, or unable to speak

144
Q

Time

A

if any of the signs are present, immediate conveyance to the emergency room is essential for critical treatments such as thrombolytics

145
Q

ischemic stroke

A

which is the most common type of stroke in older people, occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked by the narrowing or blockage of a carotid artery. Ischemic means pertaining to the disruption of the blood supply

146
Q

transient ischemic attack

A

sometimes referred to as a mini-stroke, is the temporary interruption in the blood supply to the brain. Transient means passing quickly. Symptoms of a TIA include numbness, blurred vision, dizziness, or loss of balance.

147
Q

Aphasia

A

which is often caused by brain damage associated with a stroke, is the loss of the ability to speak, write, and/or comprehend the written or spoken word

148
Q

A hemorrhagic stroke

A

also known as a bleed, occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks. A bleed also occurs when an aneurysm within the brain ruptures. An aneurysm is a localized, weak, balloon-like enlargement of an artery wall

149
Q

Arteriovenous malformation

A

one of the causes of hemorrhagic strokes. This abnormal connection between the arteries and veins in the brain is usually congenital and can rupture suddenly at any age

150
Q

Insomnia

A

the prolonged or abnormal inability to sleep. This condition is usually a symptom of another problem such as depression, pain, or excessive caffeine

151
Q

Narcolepsy

A

a sleep disorder consisting of sudden and uncontrollable brief episodes of falling asleep during the day

152
Q

Sleep deprivation

A

a sufficient lack of restorative sleep over a cumulative period so as to cause physical or psychiatric symptoms and affect routine performance or tasks

153
Q

Somnambulism

A

the condition of walking or performing some other activity without awakening

154
Q

Myelitis

A

an inflammation of the spinal cord

155
Q

myelosis

A

a tumor of the spinal cord

156
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

also known as polio, is a highly contagious viral infection of the brainstem and spinal cord that sometimes leads to paralysis

157
Q

Post-polio syndrome

A

the recurrence later in life of some polio symptoms in individuals who have had childhood poliomyelitis and have recovered from it

158
Q

Radiculitis

A

pinched nerve, is an inflammation of the root of a spinal nerve that causes pain and numbness radiating down the affected limb

159
Q

Cervical radiculopathy

A

nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots in the neck region

160
Q

Lumbar radiculopathy

A

nerve pain in the lower back caused by muscle spasms or nerve root irritation from the compression of vertebral disks such as a herniated disk

161
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

a progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation that causes demyelination of the myelin sheath. This scars the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves and disrupts the transmission of nerve impulses. This damage leaves the patient with varying degrees of pain plus physical and cognitive problems

162
Q

Demyelination

A

the loss of patches of the protective myelin sheath

163
Q

Guillain–Barré syndrome

A

also known as infectious polyneuritis, is an inflammation of the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves, characterized by rapidly worsening muscle weakness that can lead to temporary paralysis

164
Q

Neuritis

A

an inflammation of a nerve accompanied by pain and sometimes loss of function

165
Q

Sciatica

A

inflammation of the sciatic nerve (Figure 10.8A) that results in pain, burning, and tingling along the course of the affected nerve through the thigh, leg, and sometimes into the foot

166
Q

Trigeminal neuralgia

A

is characterized by severe, lightning-like pain due to an inflammation of the fifth cranial nerve

167
Q

Epilepsy

A

chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent episodes of seizures of varying severity. Also known as a seizure disorder

168
Q

seizure

A

a sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain that affects how a person feels or acts for a short time. Some seizures can hardly be noticed, whereas others cause a brief loss of consciousness

169
Q

tonic– clonic seizure

A

grand mal seizure, involves the entire body. In the tonic phase of the seizure, the body becomes rigid, and in the clonic phase, there is uncontrolled jerking

170
Q

absence seizure

A

also called a petit mal seizure, is a brief disturbance in brain function in which there is a loss of awareness often described as a staring episode

171
Q

Causalgia

A

persistent, severe burning pain that usually follows an injury to a sensory nerve

172
Q

Hyperesthesia

A

a condition of abnormal and excessive sensitivity to touch, pain, or other sensory stimuli

173
Q

Paresthesia

A

refers to a burning or prickling sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms, legs, or feet but can also occur in other parts of the body

174
Q

Peripheral neuropathy

A

a disorder of the peripheral nerves that carry information to and from the brain and spinal cord

175
Q

Neuropathy

A

is any disease or damage to a nerve

176
Q

Mononeuropathy

A

damage to a singular peripheral nerve, as in carpal tunnel syndrome

177
Q

Polyneuropathy

A

when multiple peripheral nerves are damaged. Diabetes is a common cause of polyneuropathy, along with trauma, vitamin deficiencies, and alcoholism

178
Q

Restless legs syndrome

A

a neurological disorder characterized by uncomfortable feelings in the legs, producing a strong urge to move them

179
Q

functional MRI

A

detects changes in blood flow in the brain when the patient is asked to perform a specific task. This gives a clearer picture of the brain tissue relevant to accomplishing this task

180
Q

Carotid ultrasonography

A

an ultrasound study of the carotid artery

181
Q

Echoencephalography

A

he use of ultrasound imaging to create a detailed visual image of the brain for diagnostic purposes

182
Q

Electroencephalography

A

he process of recording the electrical activity of the brain through the use of electrodes attached to the scalp

183
Q

Myelography

A

a radiographic study of the spinal cord after the injection of a contrast medium through a lumbar puncture

184
Q

Electromyography

A

utilizes electrodes taped to the skin to measure the transfer of electrical signals in peripheral nerves to the muscles

185
Q

lumbar puncture

A

also known as a spinal tap, is the process of obtaining a sample of cerebrospinal fluid by inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar region to withdraw fluid. Changes in the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid can be an indication of injury, infection, or disease

186
Q

hypnotic

A

depresses the central nervous system and usually produces sleep

187
Q

anticonvulsant

A

administered to prevent seizures such as those associated with epilepsy

188
Q

Barbiturates

A

a class of drugs whose major action is a calming or depressed effect on the central nervous system

189
Q

Amobarbital

A

a barbiturate used as a sedative and hypnotic

190
Q

Phenobarbital

A

a barbiturate used as a sedative and as an anticonvulsant

191
Q

sedative

A

depresses the central nervous system to produce calm and diminished responsiveness without producing sleep

192
Q

Anesthesia

A

the absence of normal sensation, especially sensitivity to pain, that is induced by the administration of an anesthetic agent

193
Q

anesthetic

A

the medication used to induce anesthesia. The anesthetic may be topical, local, regional, or general

194
Q

Epidural anesthesia

A

regional anesthesia produced by injecting medication into the epidural space of the lumbar or sacral region of the spine. When administered during childbirth, it numbs the nerves from the uterus and birth passage without stopping labor

195
Q

General anesthesia

A

involves the total loss of body sensation and consciousness induced by anesthetic agents administered primarily by inhalation or intravenous injection

196
Q

Local anesthesia

A

causes the loss of sensation in a limited area by injecting an anesthetic solution near that area

197
Q

Regional anesthesia

A

the temporary interruption of nerve conduction, is produced by injecting an anesthetic solution near the nerves to be blocked

198
Q

Spinal anesthesia

A

regional anesthesia produced by injecting medication into the subarachnoid space. As with epidural anesthesia, the patient remains conscious.

199
Q

Topical anesthesia

A

numbs only the tissue surface and is applied as a liquid, ointment, or spray

200
Q

Deep brain stimulation

A

a neurosurgical procedure used in the treatment of dystonia, tremors, and Parkinson’s disease. A device to stimulate the brain with mild electrical signals is implanted in the brain and is connected to a stimulator implanted near the collar bone

201
Q

Gamma knife surgery

A

a type of radiation treatment for brain tumors performed without a knife or an incision. The surgeon uses gamma radiation to destroy diseased tissue while preserving the healthy tissue around the tumor.

202
Q

Electroconvulsive therapy

A

also known as electroshock therapy, is a procedure in which small amounts of electric current are passed through the brain, deliberately triggering a brief seizure in order to reverse symptoms of certain mental illnesses

203
Q

lobectomy

A

surgical removal of a portion of the brain to treat brain cancer or seizure disorders that cannot be controlled with medication

204
Q

thalamotomy

A

a surgical incision into the thalamus. This procedure, which destroys brain cells, is primarily performed to quiet the tremors of Parkinson’s disease

205
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

uses brief, powerful electromagnetic pulses to alter electrical pathways in the brain

206
Q

Neuroplasty

A

the surgical repair of a nerve or nerves

207
Q

Neurorrhaphy

A

surgically suturing together the ends of a severed nerve

208
Q

Neurotomy

A

the surgical division or dissectionof a nerve.

209
Q

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM

A

currently in the fifth edition, is the gold standard for diagnosing these disorders

210
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

mental conditions characterized by excessive, irrational dread of everyday situations or fear that is out of proportion to the real danger in a situation. Without treatment, an anxiety disorder can become chronic

211
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

characterized by chronic, excessive worrying. Physical symptoms associated with this condition can include muscle tension, sleep disturbance, irritability, trouble concentrating, and restlessness

212
Q

panic attack

A

unexpected, sudden experience of fear in the absence of danger, accompanied by physical symptoms such as heart palpitations, shortness of breath, chest tightness, dizziness, sweating, nausea, feelings of unreality, choking sensations, or a combination of these

213
Q

Panic disorder

A

characterized by a fear of panic attacks. Panic disorder can cause people to develop agoraphobia or other phobias

214
Q

Post-traumatic stress disorder

A

may develop after an event involving actual or threatened death or injury to the individual or someone else, during which the person felt intense fear, helplessness, or horror

215
Q

phobia

A

a persistent, irrational fear of a specific thing or situation, strong enough to cause significant distress, to interfere with functioning, and to lead to the avoidance of the thing or situation that causes this reaction

216
Q

Agoraphobia

A

an excessive fear of environments where the person fears a panic attack might occur. In order to avoid these situations, someone suffering from agoraphobia might not even be able to leave home

217
Q

Social anxiety disorder

A

an excessive fear of social situations where the person fears negative evaluation by others and embarrassing him

218
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

characterized by recurrent obsessions (repetitive, intrusive, distressing thoughts or impulses) and/or compulsions

219
Q

Hoarding disorder

A

characterized by the over accumulation of belongings in a way that interferes with daily living. Hoarding can create unsafe and unsanitary living conditions

220
Q

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

characterized by a short attention span and impulsive behavior that is inappropriate for the child’s developmental age

221
Q

Dyslexia

A

also known as a developmental reading disorder, is a learning disability characterized by substandard reading achievement due to the inability of the brain to process symbols correctly

222
Q

Learning disabilities

A

disorders found in children of normal intelligence who have difficulties in learning specific skills such as processing language or grasping mathematical concepts

223
Q

Intellectual disability

A

also called intellectual developmental disorder, is a diagnosis of significant below-average intellectual and adaptive functioning present from birth or early infancy

224
Q

Autistic spectrum disorder

A

(ASD) describes a condition with different levels of symptom severity in which a young child has difficulty developing normal social relationships and communication skills, may compulsively follow repetitive routines, and has narrowly focused, intense interests that are sometimes unusual.

225
Q

Dissociative disorders

A

occur when normal thought is separated from consciousness

226
Q

Dissociative identity disorder

A

referred to as multiple personality disorder, is a mental illness characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personalities, each with its own characteristics, which appear to exist within the same individual

227
Q

Impulse control disorders

A

a group of psychiatric disorders characterized by a failure to resist an impulse despite potential negative consequences

228
Q

Kleptomania

A

a disorder characterized by repeatedly stealing objects neither for personal use nor for their monetary value

229
Q

Pyromania

A

a disorder characterized by repeated, deliberate fire setting

230
Q

Oppositional defiant disorder

A

characterized by a child or adolescent’s persistent angry, uncooperative, and disruptive behavior directed toward authority figures, which disrupts daily activities

231
Q

bipolar disorder

A

a condition characterized by cycles of severe mood changes shifting between highs

232
Q

Manic behavior

A

includes an abnormally elevated mood of euphoria, including inappropriate elation, increased irritability, severe insomnia, poor judgment, and inappropriate social behavior

233
Q

Depression

A

a common mood disorder characterized by lethargy and sadness, as well as the loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities. Severe depression may lead to feelings of worthlessness and thoughts of death, self-harm, or suicide

234
Q

Persistent depressive disorder

A

also known as dysthymia, is a low-grade, chronic depression with symptoms that are milder than those of severe depression but are present on a majority of days for two or more years

235
Q

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)

A

a newer diagnosis for children who have frequent, severe temper outbursts and are chronically irritable

236
Q

Seasonal affective disorder

A

a seasonal bout of depression associated with the decrease in hours of daylight during winter months

237
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

characterized by a false perception of body appearance. This leads to an intense fear of gaining weight and inability to maintain a healthy body weight

238
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

an eating disorder characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting, excessive exercising, or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications

239
Q

Binge eating disorder (BED)

A

characterized by frequent episodes of eating large quantities of food, accompanied by a sense of loss of control and feelings of guilt or shame afterward

240
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others. This pattern brings the individual into continuous conflict with society

241
Q

borderline personality disorder

A

characterized by impulsive actions, often with the potential for self-harm, as well as mood instability and chaotic relationships

242
Q

narcissistic personality disorder

A

a pattern of extreme preoccupation with the self and complete lack of empathy for others. Empathy is the ability to understand another person’s mental and emotional state without becoming personally involved

243
Q

psychotic disorder

A

characterized by the loss of contact with reality and deterioration of normal social functioning

244
Q

Catatonic behavior

A

marked by a lack of responsiveness, stupor, and a tendency to remain in a fixed posture

245
Q

delusion

A

false personal belief that is maintained despite obvious proof or evidence to the contrary. The belief is not one ordinarily accepted by other members of the individual’s culture or religious faith

246
Q

hallucination

A

a sensory perception, experienced in the absence of external stimulation

247
Q

Schizophrenia

A

a psychotic disorder usually characterized by withdrawal from reality, illogical patterns of thinking, delusions, and hallucinations and accompanied in varying degrees by other emotional, behavioral, or intellectual disturbances

248
Q

somatic symptom disorder

A

characterized by physical complaints or concerns about one’s body that are out of proportion to any physical findings or disease

249
Q

factitious disorder

A

a condition in which an individual acts as if he or she has a physical or mental illness when he or she is not really sick

250
Q

factitious disorder by proxy

A

form of child abuse. Although seeming very concerned about the child’s well-being, the mentally ill parent will falsify an illness in a child by making up or inducing symptoms and then seeking medical treatment, even surgery, for the child

251
Q

conversion disorder

A

characterized by serious temporary or ongoing changes in function, such as paralysis or blindness, that are triggered by psychological factors rather than by any physical cause

252
Q

Malingering

A

characterized by the intentional creation of false or grossly exaggerated physical or psychological symptoms

253
Q

Substance abuse

A

the addictive use of tobacco, alcohol, medications, or illegal drugs. This abuse leads to significant impairment in functioning, danger to one’s self or others, and recurrent legal and/or interpersonal problems

254
Q

Alcoholism

A

chronic alcohol dependence with specific signs and symptoms upon withdrawal.

255
Q

Delirium tremens

A

is a disorder involving sudden and severe mental changes or seizures caused by abruptly stopping the use of alcohol

256
Q

Drug abuse

A

excessive use of illegal or recreational drugs, or the misuse of prescription drugs. A recreational drug is one normally used for personal pleasure or satisfaction rather than medical purpose

257
Q

A drug overdose

A

potentially fatal, accidental or intentional use of an illegal drug or prescription medicine in an amount higher than what is safe or normal.

258
Q

Gender dysphoria

A

a condition where a person’s gender at birth does not match the gender with which they currently identify, potentially causing significant amounts of stress. Dysphoria means dissatisfaction. These feelings can begin in early childhood

259
Q

transgender

A

refers to a person whose gender identity does not match their gender at birth

260
Q

psychotropic drug

A

acts primarily on the central nervous system, where it produces temporary changes affecting the mind, emotions, and behavior

261
Q

antidepressant

A

administered to prevent or relieve depression. Some of these medications are also used to treat obsessive-compulsive and generalized anxiety disorders and to help relieve chronic pain

262
Q

antipsychotic drug

A

administered to treat symptoms of severe disorders of thinking and mood that are associated with neurological and psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia, mania, and delusional disorders

263
Q

anxiolytic drug

A

also known as an antianxiety drug or tranquilizer, is administered to temporarily relieve anxiety and to reduce tension

264
Q

Mood-stabilizing drugs

A

such as lithium, are used to treat mood instability and bipolar disorders

265
Q

stimulant

A

increasing activity in certain areas of the brain to increase concentration and wakefulness.

266
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

based on the idea that mental disorders have underlying causes stemming from childhood and can only be overcome by gaining insight into one’s feelings and patterns of behavior

267
Q

Behavioral therapy

A

focuses on changing behavior by identifying problem behaviors, replacing them with appropriate behaviors, and using rewards or other consequences to make the changes

268
Q

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

A

focuses on changing thoughts that are affecting a person’s emotions and actions. These are identified and then are challenged through logic, gathering evidence, testing in action, or a combination of these. The goal is to change problematic beliefs. A modified version of CBT, called dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

269
Q

Hypnotherapy

A

the use of hypnosis to produce an altered state of focused attention in which the patient may be more willing to believe and act on suggestions. It is used for pain relief, anxiety reduction, and behavioral modification

Medical Terminology 101 (20 decks)

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