Ch.2 Part 2 Flashcards
Cell membrane
tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of a cell from the external environment
Cytoplasm
material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus
nucleus
has two important functions: it controls the activities of the cell, and it helps the cell divide.
Stem cells
unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division.
somatic stem cells
undifferentiated stem cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ.
undifferentiated
unspecialized function or structure
differentiated
means having a specialized function or structure.
hemopoietic
related to the forming of blood
graft-versus-host disease
rejection of the body of a transplant
Embryonic stem cells
undifferentiated cells that have the important ability to form any adult cell
cord blood
found in the unbiblical cord, and embryonic stem cells can be harvested from there
gene
fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity.
dominant gene
required from one parent, would overpower the recessive gene
recessive gene
needed from both parents to be inherited
genome
complete set of genetic information of an organism
chromosome
genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell
somatic cell
any cell in the body except the gametes
gamete
also known as a sex cell, only cell that doesn’t have 46 chromosomes but 23 instead. (sperm or egg cell)
genetic mutation
a change of the sequence of a DNA molecule
somatic cell mutation
a change within the cells of the body. These changes affect the individual but cannot be transmitted to the next generation.
gametic cell mutation
is a change within the genes in a gamete that can be transmitted by a parent to his or her children.
Genetic engineering
the manipulating or splicing of genes for scientific or medical purposes
hereditary disorder
aka genetic disorder, is a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene.
Cystic fibrosis
genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems
Down syndrome
a genetic variation that is associated with a characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, developmental delays, and physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease
Hemophilia
group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing. categorized by spontaneous hemorrhages or severe bleeding following an injury.
Epithelial tissue
protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body. These tissues also form glands
Epithelium
specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes
Endothelium
specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organ
What is Connective tissue, what are the four types?
support and connect organs and other body tissue. They are the dense connective tissue, loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, and liquid connective tissue.
Dense connective tissues
such as bone and cartilage, form the joints and framework of the body
Adipose tissue
also known as fat, provides protective padding, insulation, and support
Loose connective tissue
surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels
Liquid connective tissues
which are blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body
Muscle tissue
cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax.
Nerve tissue
contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses
Aplasia
defective or the absence of organ or tissue
Hypoplasia
incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells
Anaplasia
change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other. Related to tumors
Dysplasia
abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs
Hyperplasia
enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues
Hypertrophy
general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not in the number, of cells in the tissues. Not related to tumors
Exocrine gland and Endocrine gland difference
Exocrine glands secretes out of the body or into other organs typically (like sweat) Endocrine glands secrete into the body as hormones
adenoids
a mass of gland-like lymphoid tissue at the back of the upper pharynx
Adenitis
inflammation of a gland
adenocarcinoma
(ad-eh-noh-kar-sih-NOH-mah) a malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue
Malignant
means harmful, capable of spreading, and potentially life threatening
adenoma
benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue
Benign
not life threatening.
Adenomalacia
the abnormal softening of a gland
Adenosis
any disease or condition of a gland
Adenosclerosis
abnormal hardening of a gland
adenectomy
surgical removal of a gland
Etiology
study of the causes of diseases
communicable disease
also known as a contagious disease, is any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either directly or by indirect contact with contaminated objects
Indirect contact transmission
situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface
Bloodborne transmission
disease through contact with infected blood or other body fluids that are contaminated by infected blood
Droplet transmission
spread of diseases such as measles, cold, and flu through large respiratory droplets sprayed by coughing or sneezing onto a nearby person or object
Airborne transmission
occurs through contact with germs floating in the air
Vector-borne transmission
transmission from the bite of a vector. ticks, bugs, dogs
Endemic
refers to the ongoing presence of a disease within a population (like a cold)
functional disorder
symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified. For example, a panic attack is a functional disorder
iatrogenic illness
an unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment
idiopathic disorder
illness without known cause
infectious disease
caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses
nosocomial infection
a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting
organic disorder
symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body
congenital disorder
abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth
developmental disorder
aka birth defect can result in an anomaly or malformation such as the absence of a limb or the presence of an extra toe
atresia
describes the congenital absence of a normal body opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular
Prenatal influences
are the mother’s health, her behavior, and the prenatal medical care she does or does not receive before delivery
rubella
a virus infection that typically leads to birth defection if a mother gets it when she gets pregnant early on
fetal alcohol syndrome
caused by drinking during pregnancy. characterized by physical and behavioral traits, including growth abnormalities, mental retardation, brain damage, and socialization difficulties.
Premature birth
a birth that occurs earlier than 37 weeks of development. Breathing and heart problems are common
Birth injuries
congenital disorders that were not present before the events surrounding the time of birth. Cerebral Palsy is an example that is caused by lack of oxygen to the brain during delivery
gerontology
study of the medical problems and care of older people
Postmortem
means after death. A postmortem examination is also known as an autopsy
general practitioner
a type of PCP, a family practice physician, provides ongoing care for patients of all ages.
internist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the internal organs and related body systems
pediatrician
a physician who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing disorders and diseases of infants and children
geriatrician
aka gerontologist, a physician who specializes in the care of older people
nurse practitioner
a nurse with graduate training who often works as a primary care provider
physician assistant
licensed professional who works under the supervision of a physician
medical receptionist
schedules and registers patients for appointments and may also work as a medical assistant
medical assistant
performs administrative and clinical tasks in a doctor’s office, such as coding patients’ medical information, measuring a patient’s vital signs, administering injections and drawing blood. If they are a CMA they are certified through the American Association of Medical Assistants.
medical coder
and assigns appropriate codes for treatment and services provided to each patient based on codes for medical diagnoses, equipment, and procedures
Emergency Department
aka emergency room focuses on diagnosing and treating life-threatening emergency medical conditions. Patients are triaged on arrival
emergency physician
doctor who specializes in high-acuity medicine in the ER
emergency medical technician
licensed health care professional who works in a pre-hospital setting on an ambulance
Registered nurse
assess patients and provide care following a doctor’s orders
LVN/LPN
licensed vocational nurse/licensed practical nurse. works under the supervision of a doctor or RN to provide basic patient care
CNA
certified nursing assistant, works under the supervision of a RN to provide basic patient care
Pharmacist
dispenses prescribed medication to patients
ICU
intensive care unit/critical care unit. provides continuously monitored care for critically ill patients
intensivist
a physician specializing in the care of critically ill patients hospitalized in the ICU
hospitalist
physician that focuses on the general care of hospitalized patients
telemetry
unit provides continuous cardiac monitoring for patients with heart problems not requiring intensive care
medical/surgical unit
provides nursing care for lower-acuity patients who are recovering from surgery or require continued drug therapy or monitoring
Tele-
Distant
idio-
peculiar to the individual
HD
Huntington’s Disease
PA
Physicians Assistant
GP
General Practitioner
CD
Communicable disease
